... Flight qualified ADCs with higher dynamic range (>12 bits) were not available, so WFPC2 operates the two available ADCs at different gain factors, to take partial advantage of both the low read noise and large available full well depth. One channel has a gain of 14e - DN -1 , which significantly undersamples the CCD read noise (5 e - pixel -1 RMS), and gives a digital full well of about 53,000e - . ... The choice of gain factor will be determined by the scientific objective. ...

XMM-Newton Science Analysis System . ... A different approach is done via the setting withctisrcpos =Y: all event energy corrections do not use the actual RAWY coordinate but the corresponding RAWY location of the source ( SRCPOS ) as determined by the task epframes (either automatically or via setting withsrccoords =Y). ... The task epchain may be used with the setting ccds =4 withctisrcpos =Y to process only the CCD 4 where usually the bright source is located that causes the Out-of-Time events. ...

... This calibration approach is recommended when dealing with high frequency data from the old ATCA correlator, especially at 3mm wavelengths. ... The approach described here exploits the dual frequency bands that were available with the old correlator. ... Rather the current approach assumes that you have a single Miriad dataset containing bandpass calibrator, phase calibrator, flux density calibrator and program source. ... MFCAL . ... Input multi-source, dual-band dataset. select=source(1921-293) . ...

... Using a simple 2-D Gaussian Point Spread Function (PSF) on a constant (flat) sky background, I derive a theoretical photometric and astrometric performance model for analytical and digital PSF-fitting stellar photometry. ... The photometric performance is maximized when either the effective background area or the effective-background-level measurement error is minimized. ... An important, but frequently ignored, noise source is the uncertainty of the measurement of the effective background level ( )...

Next: Order Merging Up: Instrument Response Correction Previous: Using a Standard . ... It consists of a correction for the blaze function by using a suitable model of the blaze effect introduced by the echelle grating. ... This method uses the overlapping region of adjacent orders to estimate, in a few iterations, the parameter k of the blaze function which is, as before, assumed to be a sinc square. ... The method minimises the difference of the corrected orders in each of the overlapping intervals. ...

... 172 ] Briefly, the count rate at the detector from a source at a redshift z is . ... Figure 55 shows the ``Green functions'' for the double compact binary merging rate   evolution assuming no collapse anisotropy. ... Another way that diverse peculiarities in the - distribution induced by the sources evolution could arise is connected with a possible non-monotonic character of the star formation rate in galaxies. ... 22 ] Figure  56 shows two-dimensional cuts through the parameter space. ...

Detection technique . We are using ISIS , the optimal image subtraction method developed by C. Alard & R.H. Lupton, to search for SNe in our images. ... The second image shows the same subtraction, but after the convolution of the best image with ISIS: . ... For this reason, we are suggested to search for nuclear SNe with NICMOS on HST, to exploit its stable PSF, sensitivity and angular resolution to detect from space nuclear obscured SNe which might have been missed by ground-based surveys. ...

Atmospheric influence on the different radio-engineering system functioning . ESTIMATION OF ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REMOTELY SANSED IMAGE CORRECTION . ... Direct transmittance estimation results for 12 channels of the spectrometer CHRIS. ... We have managed to develop a direct method of estimating the discrete Normalized Atmospheric Point Spread Function (NAPSF) from available images alone, not using any external sources of information about the atmosphere. ... IRE RAS 1996-20 11 ...

... As with all tutorials, this document describes detailed steps to just one particular effect. ... Create a new Greyscale image, and put some text in it. ... Duplicate U1, then run Gaussian blur 5.00. ... Then, invert the image so it is white on black. ... Multiply U2 and U3. ... Invert U1, so it is white text on black background. ... Then run Gaussian Blur 4.00. ... If you like you can multiply this by a texture, for a textured background, but for this tutorial the background is white. ...

... Status of the numerical solutions and validation 2. ... Coupling of "solid" Earth components, e.g. core ­ mantle (Dehant et al.) ... Consistent relativistic formulation of Earth rotation (Gerlach, Klioner, Soffel) Status of the numerical solutions - 2 · The results from numerical solutions suffer from ­ Simplified solid Earth models ­ Incomplete Earth system models or neglecting of certain parts or neglecting of certain coupling mechanisms ­ Methodological limitations of computations...

... Problem 1.1: (4pts) We want to use supernovae as a standard candle to measure luminosity distance as a function of redshift in order to determine the Hubble Constant. ... Problem 2: In a flat Universe, the luminosity distance to an object at redshift z, in a universe made up of i forms of matter each with an equation of state wi and density, i is given by ,1 / 2 z & ) c 3 + 3wi DL = (1 + z) # dz"(% $i (1 + z") + H0 'i * 0 2.1 (5 pts). ... Assume the universe is radiation dominated the whole time. ...

The ESA/ESO Astronomy Exercise Series 2 . The Distance to Messier 100 as Determined by Cepheid Variable Stars . ... The small variations in distance to the individual Cepheid variable stars in the Cloud are negligible compared with the much larger distance to the SMC. ... In this way Cepheid variable stars can be used as one of the 'standard candles' in the Universe that act either as distance indicators themselves or can be used to calibrate (or set the zero point for) other distance indicators. ...

... Einstein data for SNR are available as images on magnetic tape or diskette and as tables of counting rates. ... In seven cases, with coverage from 35% to 90%, we have calculated an HRI rate for the entire SNR by using the observed IPC data and assuming the ratio of HRI to IPC rates was the same for the observed and the unobserved parts of the remnant. ... Positions of the bright bulge sources and remnants in the galactic plane are known and the rates in table 2 are free of the effects of these. ...

... SiD workshop, Fermilab, April 9-11 2007 April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 1 Topics 1. ... What and how was simulated What and was One column clusters effects Accepted background density Hit reconstruction efficiency Hit efficiency How to improve efficiency Conclusions April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 2 What is this April 9, 2007 Nick Sinev, SiD design Workshop, Fermilab 3 Marty's idea Shift charge in neighboring columns in opposite directions. ...

Peremennye Zvezdy", . ... Star Name: . GSC 3710-00312, USNO-A2.0 1425-04252279 . ... Variability type: . ... USNO-A2.0 1425-04252279 is located at the distance of 15?.7 from the X-ray source 1RXS J031707.9+572942, which is larger than the position error of the source (12?), but its hardness ratio HR1 = 0.03 0.29, typical of chromospherically active stars, and its character of variability allow us to assume that the star is related to the X-ray source. ... Eclipsing variability . Sine wave 1 . ...

... Lucas (2000) also mentions the possibility of using the 183 GHz Water-Vapour Radiometers (WVRs) to correct for the emission. A correction based on the WVRs would largely remove the noise due to atmospheric emission, but would also add thermallike noise due to the noise within the radiometer itself. ... 125 100 K /m m K /m m 3 CORRECTING ALMA TOTAL-POWER OBSERVATIONS Each of the 12-m ALMA antennas will have a 183 GHz water vapour radiometer fed from the centre of the focal plane of the antenna. ...

... The first task assumes the searching for chemical composition and sizes of particles which give the wavelength dependence of the extinction efficiencies close to the observed dependence of . Figure 7: Wavelength dependence of the extinction efficiency factors for homogeneous spherical particles of different sizes consisting of astronomical silicate and amorphous carbon. The dashed segment shows the approximate wavelength dependence of the mean galactic extinction curve at optical wavelengths. ...

... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

... It is found that the correlation coefficients between these two parameters calculated separately inside and outside the sunspot formation zone ±30 have cyclic variation and occur in anti-phase. This suggests different mechanisms of formation of the corona in the fields of small, medium, and large scales. ... The relationship between the coronal green line brightness (CGLB) and the magnetic field strength (MFS) has been investigated by constructing the corresponding synoptic maps for the 1977-2001. ...

... HIPASS results . ... Of the BGC galaxies, 138 have redshifts for the first time. ... We really need ALFA to address that faint end. ... This estimate accounts for the smaller beam size, the number of pixels, and the available solid angle. ... HIPASS (with an integration time of 250 sec per pixel) was complete only for M * galaxies at cz ALFA (with the same intergration time) would be complete to 15,000 km/s . ... The integration time would be only 1 sec per beam for a total time of about 2.6 hours. ...