Biodata of Charles H. Lineweaver and Chas A. Egan, authors of "The Initial Low Gravitational Entropy of the Universe as the Origin of Design in Nature." ... The dissipation of free energy. ... The relationship between the Helmholtz free energy F, total energy U and waste heat TS (T: temperature, S: entropy) can be written as F = U - TS , (1) THE INITIAL LOW GRAVITATIONAL ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE 7 Figure 2. ... THE INITIAL LOW GRAVITATIONAL ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE 13 4. ...

... Printed in U.S.A. THE STELLAR DISK THICKNESS OF LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES D. Bizyaev 1,2,3 and S. Kajsin 4 Received 2003 October 23; accepted 2004 June 9 ABSTRACT We present surface photometry results for a sample of 11 edge-on galaxies observed with the 6 m telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russia. ... We find from a comparison of photometric scales that the stellar disks of LSB galaxies are thinner than those of high surface brightness ( HSB) galaxies. ... UGC 11301 .. ...