... Z Machine Sets Unexpected Earth Temperature Record . ... Credit: Z Machine Collaboration , Sandia National Lab , Lockheed Martin , NNSA, DOE Explanation: Why is this plasma so hot? ... What is known for sure is that the Z Machine running at Sandia National Laboratories created a plasma that was unexpectedly hot. The plasma reached a temperature in excess of two billion Kelvin , making it the hottest thing ever in the history of the Earth and, for a brief time, hotter than the interiors of stars. ...

... 2006 March 13 . Z Machine Sets Unexpected Earth Temperature Record . ... The plasma reached a temperature in excess of two billion Kelvin , making it arguably the hottest human made thing ever in the history of the Earth and, for a brief time, hotter than the interiors of stars. ... During the unexpected powerful contained explosion, the Z machine released about 80 times the world's entire electrical power usage for a brief fraction of a second. ... About APOD | ...

... We present methods of comparing theoretical predictions for the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), with the results of various experiments. ... Temperature flucuations . ... Most models of structure formation in the universe predict anisotropies in the CMBR. ... Therefore one must take into account not only the theoretically expected value of the temperature fluctuation but also the so-called cosmic variance, i.e. the theoretical error due to observing only one universe....

The overall efficiency (including atmospheric transmission, reflectivity of the telescope mirrors and overall efficiency of the optics and of the detector) for broad-band imaging should be about 25% in H and K, and about 15% in J. The main noise source for both broad- and narrow-band imaging should be the photon noise associated to the background+source flux. ... Flat fielding (and possibly background subtraction) might increase the noise by a factor 2 ? ...

... S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE CORPORATION ENERGIA . ... OAO RSC "Energia" . ... Company's History . ... ISS Russian Segment . ... Build an operational model of neutron background environment on the station; . ... Correlation data on radiation environment parameters outside the Service Module of the ISS RS obtained through calculation with the results of measurements made by science hardware BTN-M1 and results of other Russian and international experiments; . ... 2015 JSC "S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" ...

Next: Future Work Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Modes of Operation . ... However, the first experiments with Co-60 irradiation showed loss of charge transfer performance at doses of 10krads [Lumb and Holland 1988b]. ... These studies showed that the charge transfer degradation was a more severe problem than conventional integrated circuit damage mechanisms. ... Another manifestation of radiation damage is that of dark current spike generation. ...

... These are ``quirks'' rather than ``bugs''. Below is a list of quirks. When loading a file and ``Reset Intensity Upon File Load'' is disabled, the intensity range of the previous image will be used. ... When moving between two images (such as when blinking, or when loading a new image), the display system attempts to retain the old image parameters (i.e. zoom box). What is retained are the corners of the zoom box measured in image pixel co-ordinates, not world co-ordinates. ...

... Science . ... Science Users Information > Data Handling and Products > Data Reduction FAQ > I see unexpected boxy emission-like features in my REDL spectra - where do they come from? ... Observing with ESO Telescopes . ... ESO-MIDAS . ... ESO Data . ... The pipeline by default interpolates across the bad columns in the REDL CCD when it creates the master bias, but does not so when it processes the science data. This inconsistency can create boxy emission-like features as seen in the figure below. ...

... The extragalactic infrared background radiation has long been expected to provide important clues to the evolutionary history of stars, galaxies, and other potential energy-releasing processes since the decoupling of matter and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment on NASA's COBE satellite was designed to search for this diffuse background radiation. ... The detections imply substantial absorption by dust at early cosmic epochs. ...

Blackholes2 Forum Message . ... Post . ... Shifts Are As Would Be Expected. ... Post Message | ... Red and blue shifts can be caused by velocities also. ... The expectd result would be a red or blue shift proportional to the aparent distance an object is from the observer. ... www.astronomy.net . About Astronomy Net | Advertise on Astronomy Net | ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

... PROBLEMS: "Unknown" (i.e. no physics model) components; What's a "Good-Enough-Fit" (e.g. Poisson)? ... ASIDE: MULTI-SCALE FOR POISSON - called Multiplicative Multiscale Innovation Models MMI Slides courtesy of R.Willett, SAMSI 2006 Timmermann Nowak, 1999 Kolaczyk, 1999 ASIDE: MULTI-SCALE FOR POISSON - called Multiplicative Multiscale Innovation Models MMI Slides courtesy of R.Willett, SAMSI 2006 Timmermann Nowak, 1999 Kolaczyk, 1999 ASIDE: MULTI-SCALE FOR ...

Trail encounter . ... Expected meteor rates . ... The Leonids are the debris of Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle. ... The Earth's passage right through the centre of trails is associated with the most spectacular meteor displays (studies show that, as well as how close to the centre of the trail you are, the strength of the display also depends on how far along a trail's length you are). ... The encounter with the 1932 trail will lead to enhanced meteor activity: a nice outburst, but below storm level. ...

... I.A.Dynnikov, Three-page approach to knot theory. ... Universal semigroup, Funktsional'nyi Analiz I Prilozhenija, 34 (2000), no.1, 29-40 (Russian); English translation in Functional Analysis and Its Appl. 34 (2000), no.1, 24-32. I.A.Dynnikov, Finitely presented groups and semigroups in knot theory. ... Math. 2000, no. ... English translation: Russian Math. ... A.Vershik, Numerical invariants of exponential groups, and a locally free approximation of braid groups (in Russian), Zapiski Nauchn. ...

The angular power spectrum of the anisotropy of the CMB contains information about the formation of the Universe and its current contents. ... The image above shows an all-sky map with only ell=2 power on the left, and another map with only ell=16 power on the right. ... The current status of microwave background anisotropy measurements in my compilation from the literature has 95 data points from 25 experiments. These are all plotted in the figure below: . ...

... The standard science quicklook processing produces over a dozen sky maps at each downlink, and these maps are automatically searched for potential transient point sources. ... We have found that a heuristic modification of a formula derived by Li & Ma (1983) provides reasonably accurate estimates of p -values for point source detections even for very low p -value detections. ... Case 1u. The most straightforward approach uses the signal , where . ... To get a p -value, use . ...

... For a pulsar search observation, with the two polarizations averaged, a useful rule of thumb can be given for calculating the expected rms noise. If the rms noise, , is expressed in terms of the flux density of the target pulsar, then; . ... Robert Minchin 2012-02-22 ...

Next Previous Contents . This means that an interrupt happened that no driver expected. ... In many cases you can safely ignore this error message, especially if it only happens once or twice at boot-time. For boot-time messages, look at the messages which are nearby for a clue as to what is going on. For example, if probing is going on, perhaps a probe for a physical device caused that device to issue an interrupt that the driver didn't expect. ...

... Planets . ... Earth Satellites . ... The newly discovered ?mega-Earth? ... Its sibling, the lava world Kepler-10b, is in the background (the two planets? proximity is grossly exaggerated) .€а Kepler-10c has a diameter of about 29 000 km, 2.3 times as large as Earth, and weighs 17 times as much. ... The first mega-earth to be discovered is Kepler-10c which orbits a star lying about 560 light years from the Sun in the constellation Draco. ... Astronomers Find a New Type of Planet: The ?Mega-Earth? ...

... The hotter the gas, the faster they move, and the more energy each of them holds. The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much , much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ...

... The double star 54 Leonis, spiral galaxy NGC 3198, and emission nebula NGC 3199 . ... Globular cluster NGC 2808, elliptical galaxy NGC 2986, and the Sextans Dwarf . ... Unexpected gamma-ray emission from dwarf galaxy may point to new understanding of dark matter . ... That s why dwarf galaxies are important in the hunt for the dark matter particle. Dwarfs are thought to lack other gamma-ray-producing sources, so a gamma-ray flux from a dwarf galaxy would make a very strong case for dark matter. ...