... Comparing observations more than a century apart, Hipparchus proposed that the axis around which the heavens seemed to rotate shifted gradually, though very slowly. Viewed from Earth, the Sun moves around the ecliptic, one full circuit each year. ... During an eclipse, Sun, Earth and Moon form a straight line, and therefore the center of the Earth's shadow is at the point on the celestial sphere which is exactly opposite that of the Sun. ... Some 2000 years after Hipparchus, in the year 1840. ...

A closer look at the pole star and the neighboring . constellations, especially the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia . ... This lesson plan supplements: "Finding the Pole Star," section #1a: on disk Spolaris.htm , on the web . ... Know the constellations of the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia, and their use in finding the Pole Star. ... Why do you think Alaska chose the pole star and the Big Dipper to be on its flag? ... You will probably never see there the pole star and rarely see the Big Dipper.) ...

... large mosaic of Viking orbiter images 2500k jpg . Pathfinder images html . ... MGS images from the Mar 13 issue of Science html . True color image Mars by HST WFPC2 Feb 95 34k jpg ; 158k gif ; ( caption ) . ... Slightly chopped and zoomed image of the "grand canal" (Valles Marineris) of mars 157k gif ; 368k gif . Viking image of Mars showing a valley and what appears to be a delta 697k gif . ... MSSS Viking Image Archive html . ... Mars Atlas and Viking Orbiter image finder html . ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,