... Given two magnets, Gilbert knew that magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. ... That is, the end of an iron bar stuck to an S pole of a magnet (south-seeking pole) temporarily becomes an N-pole. ... Gilbert confirmed his guess of temporary ("induced") magnetism by an original experiment (see drawing). ... Under the influence of the terrella, each became a temporary magnet with the same polarities, and the temporary poles of each bar repelled those of the other one. ...

... 2 Magnetic Field . ... A magnetized bar has its power concentrated at two ends, its poles ; they are known as its north (N) and south (S) poles, because if the bar is hung by its middle from a string, its N end tends to point northwards and its S end southwards. ... That flow became known as an electric current . ... An electric current produced a magnetic force! ... The fundamental nature of magnetism was not associated with magnetic poles or iron magnets, but with electric currents . ...

Educator's Guide to Convection . ... It functions because heated fluids, due to their lower density, rise and cooled fluids fall. ... When it does, it becomes part of a convection cell. ... The tops of the clouds have a sort of cauliflower appearance as warm moist air rises through the center of the cloud. ... As the air falls along the exterior of the cloud, it returns to warmer low altitudes where it can be caught up in the rising column of air in the center of the cloud. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,