... Energy . ... The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much, much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ... Typical energy of an electron in the polar aurora. 40,000 ev . ... 50,000 ev . ...

... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

A limit on the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux from Centaurus A Justin Bray For the LUNASKA collaboration Clancy James, Ron Ekers, Chris Phillips, Paul Roberts, John Reynolds, Rebecca McFadden, Ray Protheroe, Jaime Alvarez-MuЯiz, Justin Bray Outline: · Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays neutrinos · Detecting UHE neutrinos · The lunar Cherenkov technique · Observations with the ATCA · Observations with Parkes · ASKAP and the future ... Detection Geometry Neutrinos are penetrating.. ...

... Acceleration of particles in the vicinity of a massive black hole We propose a two-step mechanism for charged particle acceleration in the magnetosphere of a massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. Particles first gain energy by stochastic process during the accretion phase. It is shown that effective proton acceleration up to energies eV is possible in the turbulent magnetized accretion disk. ...

... Stellar Evolution is driven entirely by the never ending battle between Pressure and Gravity . As imbalances are reached, the star is driven to find a new Energy source. ... Pressure and gravitational forces are equal, the star is stable and its core is sufficiently hot to fuse Hydrogen into Helium More about main sequence stars . ... The luminosity generated by the core fusion of Helium into Carbon is far greater than the shell luminosity associated with the fusion of Hydrogen into Helium. ...

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

ION AND ELECTRON ENERGY DETECTOR PAN-2 . ... The energy and angular distributions of charged particles can bring further information on the nature and spatial scales of magnetospheres processes. ... It permits the fast measurements of energy and angular parameters of charged particles in the range 40eV-40keV. ... The sensor unit is an electron electrostatic, axially symmetrical, toroidal analyzer. ... The energy range for both types of charged particles must stepped according to the logarithmic scale. ...

... B.V. Somov . head of the department . ... room 80 . ... senior research felow . ... research felow . ... research fellow . ... Our department performes the following most perspective studies: . Special analytical and numerical experimental investigations of the solar plasma involved in the magnetic reconnection process at the Sun. ... Head of the seminar: Prof. B.V. Somov. ... 27 September 2013 The Solar Physics Department was visited by journalists of the leading Russian TV channel "Vesti-1". ...

... Institutes of Chernogolovka . The largest of all the scientific institutions of the center is the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka , where fundamental problems of chemical physics are studied: kinetics and mechanisms of chemical and biological processes; processes of combustion, explosion, and polymerization; and mechanisms of elementary reactions involving high energy particles. ... Developments and Technologies . ...

True Color Image Gallery: Galactic SNR | Magellanic Cloud SNR . All data here have been generated from evt1 files downloaded from the CXC archive. Currently available CALDB files have been used to convert evt1 to evt2 files. ... If the remnant is bright and the flares are small, then the UN-filtered evt2 files have been used to make images. If the remnant is dim and/or the flares large, then the images were made from the filtered evt2 files. ... Chandra Supernova Remnant Catalog . ...

Gerry Doyle's homepage . Watch this space!

... Informazioni . Informazioni generali . ... Personale . Personale di Ricerca . Personale tecnico, amministrativo, bibliotecario . ... Personale in ordine alfabetico . ... Informazioni varie . Informazioni specifiche . ... Informazioni sindacali . ... Phenomenology of particle acceleration in supernova remnants in the proximity of molecular clouds - DD71/2015 . ...

A long Chandra observation of Tycho has revealed a pattern of X-ray "stripes" never seen before in a supernova remnant. The stripes are seen in the high-energy X-rays (blue) that also show the blast wave, a shell of extremely energetic electrons. ... The stripes may provide the first direct evidence that a cosmic event can accelerate particles to energies a hundred times higher than achieved by the most powerful particle accelerator on Earth. ...

The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

Solar Flare Origin - critical analysis" Lev Pusti'lnik We analyze current approach to solar flare origin in 3 aspects: a. Pre-flare equilibrium state of current-magnetic structure above active region and its evolution to flare state, b. Possible reasons of stability loss with transition of system in flare state c. Flare energy release in turbulent current sheet and particle acceleration in this system. ...

BNO is in Baksan Gorge at the Northern Caucasus . ... The Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope (BUST) of volume 3000 cubic centimeters at a depth of more 300 m. The mountainous plant ANDYRCHI to register wide air showers located over BUST on the area 5*10 4 square metres. The complex of surface plants KOVER including a large muon detector, a scintillation telescope and a neutrino monitor meant for studying the hard component of cosmic rays and wide air showers. ...

Origin & Evolution of Magnetic Fields Ellen Zweibel zweibel@astro.wisc.edu Depar tments of Astronomy & Physics University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Magnetic Self-Organization in Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas Origin & EvolutionofMagnetic Fields ­ p.1/17 Importance of the Problem A cosmological problem. ... Interplay with ISM studies Structure of galactic fields on large & small scales? How do fields affect turbulence? ... Origin & EvolutionofMagnetic Fields ­ p.7/17 We Also Know.. ...

... GCR and SCR are primary cosmic rays. 10-15 years after the discovery of cosmic radiation (1919) there emerged two main avenues of investigation in the physics of cosmic rays (CR): 1) nuclear - elucidation of the origin of elementary particles and nuclear interactions; and 2) astrophysical (space physics) - solution of the problem related to the origin and variations (changes in intensity) of CR. ... Besides, the CR flux in interplanetary space is, strictly speaking, not isotropic. ...

MATHEMATICAL MODELING: . ... This model is developed on the base of the probabilistic description of the collisional aeronomical processes and is realized on a computer as the numerical system (stochastic model). ... Shematovich, V.I., Bisikalo , D.V.             Nonequilibrium processes in the planetary and cometary atmospheres. ... In Russian) . ... Piarnpuu , A. A.; and Shematovich, V. I.       Construction of structural stochastic models of collision processes in rarefied gas media (abstract) . ...

. Name of process . Radiative Transitions . Phoionization . Photorecombination . Dielectronic Recombination . Autoionization . Electron Impact Excitation . Electron Impact Ionization . Charge Transfer . Proton Impact Excitation and Ionization . Collisions with heavy particles . Auger Processes .