... The Earth's magnetosphere is not unique. Space probes which have visited the giant planets--Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune--found that all were magnetized, even more intensely than the Earth, and all were surrounded by radiation belts. ... The Sun, stars and the distant visible universe are mostly plasma, and it turns out that like the magnetosphere, they too can contain high-energy particles, some of them energized above and beyond the levels found in the Earth's magnetosphere. ...

... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

Next: Radiopulsars as Sources of Up: Cosmic Rays and Evolution Previous: Cosmic Rays and Evolution . Presently, there is little doubt that galactic CR can be generated at rapidly expanding shock fronts produced by supernova explosions. ... Statistical properties of radiopulsars in our Galaxy indicate a formation rate of NS of about 1 per 10-20 years in the present cosmological epoch, while direct astronomical observations have so far not detected supernova explosions at this high rate. ...

Tired light models invoke a gradual energy loss by photons as they travel through the cosmos to produce the redshift-distance law. ... The tired light model can not produce a blackbody spectrum for the Cosmic Microwave Background without some incredible coincidences. ... So the CMB must have come from a far away part of the Universe, and its photons will thus lose energy by the tired light effect. ... Assume that the CMB starts out as a T = (1+z)*T_o = 2.998 K blackbody, which is the blue curve. ...

Astronomy Picture of the Day . ... 4.04.2001 . ... NASA Explanation: Light from a star that exploded over 10 billion light-years away is revealed in the panel at the lower right, a cosmic snapshot of the most distant supernova . ... April . ... April 2001 . ... 2001 2002 . ... Publications with keywords: big bang - supernova - dark energy . Publications with words: big bang - supernova - dark energy . ... Shocked by Supernova 1987A . The Mysterious Rings of Supernova 1987A . ...

Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... As example you have only to look at the recent discovery of a supernova by Irish astronomer David Grennan . ... The last confirmed supernova in the Milky Way to be observed was in 1604 (known to history as Kepler ?s Star; it was bright enough to be seen in the daytime sky). €а Ever since then all supernovae examined by astronomers have been denizens of other galaxies. ... Tweets that mention Supernova spotted by Irish astronomer -- Topsy.com . ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 April 4 . Distant Supernova, Dark Energy . ... NASA . Explanation: A pinpoint of light from a star that exploded over 10 billion light-years away is centered in the panel at the lower right, a cosmic snapshot of the most distant supernova . ... About APOD | ... NASA Technical Rep.: ... A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC . ...

The CHIANTI database consists of 4 primary ASCII files for each ion in the database. contains the energy levels in cm^(-1) It includes both experimental data and theoretical values of the levels energies. References: %Observed energy levels (2): Feldman, U., Curdt, W., Landi, E., Wilhelm, K., 2000, ApJ, 544, 508 %Observed energy levels (3,4,5): Sandlin, G.D., Bruekner, G.E., Scherrer, V.E., Tousey, R., 1976, ApJ, 205, L47 %Observed energy levels (6 to 15): Fuhr, J.R., et al., ...

Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

A large amount (about three solar masses) of cold (18K) dust in the prototypical type II supernova remnant Cassiopeia A was recently reported. It was concluded that dust production in type II supernovae can explain how the large quantities (~ 108 solar masses) of dust observed in the most distant quasars could have been produced within only 700 million years after the Big Bang. ... ADS Citation Query . ... 2005,10][2006,10][2007,7][2008,6][2009,15][2010,11][2011,6][2012,4][2014,3][2015,3] . ...

Solar & Heliospheric Radiophysics of the Future T. S. Bastian NRAO · Science drivers · Observations & techniques · New instrumentation Science Issues (~10 yrs) · Magnetic energy storage and release flares and CMEs · Particle acceleration SEPs · Wave dissipation Corona/Chromosphere/Solar Wind · Space weather prediction from L. Lanzerotti Long duration flare observed on west limb by Yohkoh and the Nobeyama radioheliograph on 16 March 1993. ...

... Fitting the observed dependence includes calculations of the polarization cross-sections averaged over particles orientation and size distribution, their normalization and the comparison of obtained dependencies with Serkowski's curve representing observational data for a chosen star. ... Variations of the polarization factors with wavelength are shown in Fig. 16 for homogeneous spheroidal particles with PF orientation. ... The distinction between prolate and oblate spheroids is also clearly seen. ...

... Bad Astronomy . ... Bitesize Astronomy . ... Bad Astro Store . ... Slacker Astronomy . ... Keep Bad Astronomy close to your heart, and help make me filthy rich. ... Life Under the Moon . ... Seeing Jupiter's Moons . ... Time Zones and the Spherical Earth . A Companion to the Earth? ... December 19, 1999) . ... Big Moon, Little Moon . ... How Big is the Moon? ... 14, 2000) . ... 2008 Phil Plait. ... Subscribe to the Bad Astronomy Newsletter! Talk about Bad Astronomy on the BA Bulletin Board! ...

... Currently, there is very little information on comets which are active beyond the orbit of Jupiter. ... Previous observations conducted by our team with the SAO RAS 6-m telescope showed that some of these comets have extended tails dissimilar to the tails of comets forming at close heliocentric distances. ... We for the first time measured the linear polarization of scattered emission for the two distant comets C/2010 S1 (LINEAR) and C/2010 R1 (LINEAR) at heliocentric distances of 5.9-7.0 au. ...

... Tonight's Sky . ... Gravitational wave search provides insights into galaxy evolution and mergers . ... Mysterious source of high-energy cosmic radiation discovered . ... During 10 years, five high-energy cosmic rays (plotted as orange asterisks) came from one small part of the sky near the star Merak in the Big Dipper. ... Scientists have discovered a previously unidentified nearby source of high-energy cosmic rays. ... Only registered members of Astronomy.com are allowed to comment on this article...

What happens to a star heavier than five solar masses? ... Stars about ten solar masses probably behave like our five solar mass star until they reach the end of core-helium burning. ... The Crab nebula was formed after a massive explosion ripped a star apart in 1054. ... Today, the glowing outer layers of the star are still rushing away from a tiny star in the centre. ... An incredible explosion rips through the outer layers of the star, releasing colossal amounts of energy in a supernova explosion. ...

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

... Back to the Live Radiation Monitor Data The radiation monitor on board XMM-Newton registers the total count rate and basic spectral information on the background radiation impinging on the spacecraft and its scientific instruments. ... Counting of pulses for a selected energy band and above the low thresholds. ... Sensitivity: due to the electronic threshold, actually only electrons with energy greater than 130 keV and protons greater than 1.3 MeV can be measured by this unit. ...

This page is devoted to information on Supernova 1999gi in NGC 3184 . ... Information on the original web pages for many of these images can be found on the Supernova links web page. ... NGC 3184 is a fairly close Mag 10.3 galaxy, only about half as distant as the Virgo cluster. ... Seiichi Yoshida has a 1999gi page . Odd Trondal's 1999gi page . ... CfA image . ... 14.5 . ... Jean Marie Llapasset image . ... vsnet-alert 3805 ] SN 1999gi in NGC 3184 . vsnet-chat 2438 ] Host galaxy of SN1999gi . ...

Next: Radio pulse characteristics Up: An overview Previous: The structure of neutron . Typically Gauss for normal pulsars . Consistent with flux conservation during stellar collapse . ... Gravity dominates stellar structure . B field dominates exterior . Stellar surface is so small that observed emission is dominated by the magnetic field. ... Only field lines inside light cylinder are closed . Particles are constrained move along field lines . ...