The motion of energetic ions and electrons through space is strongly constrained by the local magnetic field. The basic mode is rotation around magnetic field lines, while at the same time sliding along those lines, giving the particles a spiral trajectory. On typical field lines, attached to the Earth at both ends, such motion would soon lead the particles into the atmosphere, where they would collide and lose their energy. ... In this way the Earth holds on to its radiation belts. ...

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• Solar Energetic Particles
• Energetic Particles
• Spacecraft Observing Earth's Space Environment

... The motion of energetic ions and electrons through space is strongly constrained by the local magnetic field. The basic mode is rotation around magnetic field lines, while at the same time sliding along those lines, giving the particles a spiral trajectory. On typical field lines, attached to the Earth at both ends, such motion would soon lead the particles into the atmosphere, where they would collide and lose their energy. ... In this way the Earth holds on to its radiation belts. ...

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• Solar Energetic Particles
• Energetic Particles
• FAQ: "Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

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The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

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• APOD: 2003 December 17 - A Proton Aurora
• APOD: 2000 December 19 - A Close Up of Aurora on Jupiter
• APOD: 2015 November 24 - Aurora over Clouds

... part 1 | ... The Basic Stages in Earth's Pre-geological Development . ... After fragments of the Vortex sleeves separated, whirlwinds of second and third orders ("NC" - new micro-vortex) were generated- future planet cores and their satellites - all of them developing independently, governed by the common laws of development of cosmogenic vortexes. ... Our planet's core today is comprised of considerably deteriorated cosmogenic vortex; consequently, the Earth has a moderated magnetic field. ...

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Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

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• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Ionospheric parameter

... Cosmic Rays . ... The Comet and the Galaxy . ... During late March and early April 1997, Comet Hale-Bopp passed nearly in front of the Andromeda Galaxy. ... The First Explorer . ... If you had x-ray vision, the central regions of our Galaxy would not be hidden from view by cosmic dust clouds. ... Low clouds are seen in silhouette against the first hints of sunlight, while two famous cosmic clouds, the Clouds of Magellan, also hover in the brightening sky. ... An Erupting Solar Prominence from SOHO ....

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The radiation belts around the planets are the interrnal regions of planets' magnetospheres where the own magnetic field of a planet keeps the charged particles (protons and electrons) having the great kinetic energy. ... They usually distinguish the Earth's internal and external radiation belts. the internal radiation belt of the Earth has the maximum particles density (mainly protones) over the equator in the height of 22 thousand km. ... Jupiter and Saturn have the powerful radiation belts. ...

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... The Sun is the closest star to us, and a regular object in our Galaxy. Solar activity manifests itself, primarily, in solar flares - episodic explosive energy release in the form of electromagnetic radiation and high energy particles (electrons and protons). The nature of the flares is related to cyclic variations of global and local magnetic fields in the atmosphere of the Sun. ... Such formations are called active regions. ...

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• Physics of Magnetic Stars 2007
• Northern Lights and GLORIA

... The TRACE images may be used without restrictions in publications of any kind. ... These two images, taken on 18 November 2000 at 15:54UT and 16:11UT, respectively, show such an event: the red circle in the image to the left shows a region where many loops are cooling, with bright loop tops (the intensity scales with the square root of the image to reduce the dynamic range). ... See also a collection of images related to the Sun, other cool stars, and solar-terrestrial effects . ... Images | ...

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• Hubble Finds Ozone on Jupiter's Moon Ganymede
• Educator's Guide to Micrometeorites
• Arcetri Solar Physics Group: Solar Polarimetry

... The solar wind - a few million tonnes of charged particles that leave the Sun every second - is continuously flowing past our planet at huge speeds (equivalent to travelling from London to New York in 5-15 seconds). ... Strangely enough, the fastest and most steady streams of solar wind originate from coronal holes. ... How such a large amount of matter escapes the Sun's huge gravity and reaches such high speeds (in the quietest solar regions!) is not yet known. ... View Slides . ...

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• Armagh Observatory
• Abstract 200
• Solar Physics

... Special Reports Giant space cloud may be powered by black holes 17:57 23 April 2007 NewScientist.com news service David Shiga An enormous cloud of roiling plasma in space may be drawing its energy from black holes, new observations suggest. Such clouds might be sources for the mysterious particles that occasionally crash into Earth's atmosphere at ultra - high speed. ... But higher energy particles in the cloud may be able to escape, he says. ...

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• http://www.naic.edu/~astro/chicago2/talks/Bastian-Solar_Radiophysics_of_the_Future.pdf
• First Galfa H I Map

The Satellite Telescope of Electrons and Protons STEP . ... Precision measurements of the energy, angular, and time distributions in precipitating fluxes of high-energy charged particles with solar, magnetospheric, and anomalous cosmic rays origin. ... Both "STEP-DI" and "STEP-DII" have an identical construction of large solid angle telescope from 4 detectors (D1-D4), first 2 of which (D1-D2) are position-sensitive silicon strip-detectors; both D3 and D4 are scintillation CsI(Tl) detectors. ...

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• Near-Earth Space
• MISSION WARNING
• SPECTRUM ANALYZER OF MAGNETIC PHENOMENA SAMW

... A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away, the core of a massive star implodes under the crushing force of gravity. ... As the beams punch out of the dying star, protons collide at incredible speeds, generating shock waves that send a burst of gamma rays screaming through the universe. ... The photons from this gamma-ray burst have raced across immense tracts of mostly empty space. ... Just one of these gamma-ray photons carries a billion times more energy than the light we see with our eyes. ...

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• ASP: Exploring Venus
• ASP: Science Fiction Stories with Good Astronomy & Physics
• ASP: Good Astronomy Activities on the WWW

Spacecraft STP Data 1. ... This CD-ROM contains solar flare reports, sunspot numbers and regions histories, total solar irradiance, and solar bursts. ... MAGSAT - 2 discs. ... A Compilation of 1963-1999 Solar Wind Field and Plasma Data, Near Earth and Deep Space - 3 discs. This CD-ROM contains the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma (SWP) data from several spacecraft which have explored the near-Earth and deep space regions over the last three decades. ...

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. The XMM-Newton website has moved to the following location: . http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/xmm-newton

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• Particle Background Rejection
• XMM-Newton Radiation Monitor Details
• Radiation Hardness

... In addition, IZMIRAN comprises the St.Petersburg branch and magnetic ionospheric observatory in Kaliningrad. The history of IZMIRAN is largely that of investigating magnetic storms and sub-storms on the Earth surface, in circum-terrestrial and interplanetary space, initially by means of a network of ground stations of the Soviet Union (1930s - 1940s) and the nonmagnetic skunner "Zarja", then through the extensive use of magnetic measurements on artificial Earth satellites and automatic stations. ...

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• Detection of ionospheric earthquake precursors and man-caused catastrophes
• APEX/Intro
• APEX/Equipment

... Bad Astronomy . ... Bitesize Astronomy . ... Mad Science . ... Keep Bad Astronomy close to your heart, and help make me filthy rich. ... Although seen here on Earth, aurorae start at the center of the solar system. ... After about three days those particles get near the Earth and hit the Earth's magnetic field. ... Now these particles are moving very fast, and when they hit the air they slam into air atoms that make up our atmosphere, sometimes knocking loose more electrons. ... 2008 Phil Plait. ...

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• Phil Plait's Bad Astronomy: Bitesize Astronomy

... space flight . ... Tracking the origins of speedy space particles . ... NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft combined with computer models have helped track the origin of the energetic particles in Earth's magnetic atmosphere that appear during a type of space weather called a substorm. ... The results show that these speedy electrons gain extra energy from changing magnetic fields far from the origin of the substorm that causes them. ...

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• New mission ready to brave Earth's radiation belts | Astronomy.com
• Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator | Astronomy.com
• Mission discovers particle accelerator in heart of Van Allen radiation belts |

Next: Polarization efficiency: size/shape/orientation effects Up: Optical properties of cosmic Previous: The 2175? feature . To model the interstellar polarization one needs to calculate the forward-transmitted radiation for an ensemble of non-spherical aligned dust grains. ... Let non-polarized stellar radiation passes through a dusty cloud with a homogeneous magnetic field. ... The angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field is ( ). ... where the angle is connected with and ( ). ...

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• Linear polarization: wavelength dependence
• INTAS project 99/652: Publications
• Wavelength dependence