... In the 1800s it was already evident that the Earth's magnetic field was involved: auroral rays seemed to follow the Earth's magnetic field lines, and the frequency with which aurora was observed depended on the distance from the magnetic pole, not from the geographic one. ... That is the beginning of the ionosphere , a layer with enough free electrons (and ions) to play an important role in radio communications. ... The simplest atom is the one of hydrogen, with just one electron. ...

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• Trapped Radiation
• Positive Ions -- History
• Plasma

... In the 1800s it was already evident that the Earth's magnetic field was involved: auroral rays seemed to follow the Earth's magnetic field lines, and the frequency with which aurora was observed depended on the distance from the magnetic pole, not from the geographic one. ... That is the beginning of the ionosphere , a layer with enough free electrons (and ions) to play an important role in radio communications. ... The simplest atom is the one of hydrogen, with just one electron. ...

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• Trapped Radiation
• Positive Ions -- History
• FAQ: "Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"

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SPACE WEATHER . The response of our space environment to the constantly changing Sun is known as space weather. ... Some of the most dramatic space weather effects occur in association with eruptions of material from the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space. ... Space weather disturbances are generally caused by solar storms. ... the Sun. ... Every object in the solar system experiences the equivalent of Earth's space weather, although its detailed characteristics differ from place to place. ...

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• Armagh Observatory
• Listening to Leonids

X-Ray Earth . ... Credit Copyright: Polar , PIXIE , NASA Explanation: The Earth glows in many kinds of light, including the energetic X-ray band. Actually, the Earth itself does not glow - only aurora produced high in the Earth's atmosphere . ... Energetic ions from the Sun cause aurora and energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere . These electrons move along the Earth's magnetic field and eventually strike the Earth's ionosphere , causing the X-ray emission. ...

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• XWare > APOD
• X-Ray Earth
• A Solar Filament Erupts

... December 30, 1996 . X-Ray Earth . ... Actually, the Earth itself does not glow - only aurora produced high in the Earth's atmosphere . ... Energetic ions from the Sun cause aurora and energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere . These electrons move along the Earth's magnetic field and eventually strike the Earth's ionosphere , causing the X-ray emission. These X-rays are not dangerous because they are absorbed by lower parts of the Earth's atmosphere. ... About APOD > . ...

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• APOD: 2012 September 17 - A Solar Filament Erupts
• APOD: 2014 July 20 - A Solar Filament Erupts
• APOD: 2002 November 25 - The Earth's Magnetic Field

... part 1 | ... The Basic Stages in Earth's Pre-geological Development . ... After fragments of the Vortex sleeves separated, whirlwinds of second and third orders ("NC" - new micro-vortex) were generated- future planet cores and their satellites - all of them developing independently, governed by the common laws of development of cosmogenic vortexes. ... Our planet's core today is comprised of considerably deteriorated cosmogenic vortex; consequently, the Earth has a moderated magnetic field. ...

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Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

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• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Modelling, secondary
• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Capabilities and
• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Ionospheric parameter

... 2000 July 20 . AR9077: Solar Magnetic Arcade . Credit: TRACE , Stanford-Lockheed ISR, NASA . Explanation: On July 14th , solar active region 9077 (AR9077) produced a massive flare . ... It shows million degree hot solar plasma cooling down while suspended in an arcade of magnetic loops . ... After the flare, AR9077's activity decayed as it was carried farther across the Earth-facing hemisphere of the Sun by solar rotation . ... About APOD | ... NASA Technical Rep.: ...

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• Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere On Jupiter's Moon Europa
• Educator's Guide to Micrometeorites
• CHIANTI atomic database

... Research . Projects . ... The name of the project APEX is a reduction from words " Active Plasma Experiments " . The core of the project are active experiments with injection of electron and (or) plasma beams from a board of the satellite with simultaneous registration of the phenomena, produced by interaction of injected beam with background plasma. ... Active experiments utilise modulated electron beam accelerator and source of modulated xenon plasma beam on the main spacecraft APEX. ...

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• APEX/Equipment
• History

... One of this year's largest mass ejections from the Sun's atmosphere was recorded last Sunday by TESIS telescopes aboard the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite ( video - wmv 4.3 MB ). ... Over the course of a week, two gigantic solar prominences were simultaneously ejected from the surface of the Sun. ... Earth will not feel the Sun's influence either. ... The TESIS observatory ї TESIS: www.tesis.lebedev.ru . ... One of this year's largest mass ejections from the Sun's atmosphere (movie WMV, 4.3 MB) . ...

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• The culmination of the solar eclipse coincided with the strongest magnetic

ii mm Emiissiion from Dust i li iin Gallaxiies i Michael A. Dopiita, ii ll li i l i RSAA, Australliian Natiionall Universiity ii Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics mm Workshop 2001 i I Why iis Dust IImportant? ... Theory is rather more complex than for electric dipole emission (Draine & Lazarian, 1999 ApJ, 512, 740) Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics mm Workshop 2001 Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics mm Workshop 2001 ?? ...

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• http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/orange10/pdf/RaiYuenOrange2010.pdf
• http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/orange10/pdf/SarahTraineOrange2010.pdf
• http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/cena/documents/presentations/bray.pdf

Observing Shooting Stars by Andrew Fraknoi (Foothill College and Astronomical Society of the Pacific) What are Shooting Stars? ... Astronomers call them meteors. When is the Best Time to See the Shooting Stars? While a random shooting star can be seen on any night, there are times when the Earth encounters many particles in space and we can see a larger number of meteors every hour. A list of these "meteor showers" is given at the bottom of this page. ... 1-6 Apr. ... 7-16 Best Dates Jan. ...

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• http://www.astrosociety.org/edu/astro/bayarea/MeteorShowers.doc
• ASP: The Comet About to Smash into Jupiter
• ASP: There's More to Light Than Meets the Eye

... Even future mission archives tend to concentrate more on what can be extracted out of a proposal or a Guaranteed Time Observation log than the actual extracted science out of the data itself. ... A year later the data is then publicly available. An archive researcher has then to go through a mass of data to find what may be useful without any indication as to what the actual observer's results were while using the data except the proposal, which in most cases is very general. ...

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... Gift Center . ... Why do aurorae appear strongest within rings centered on Earth's poles instead of filled-in circles? ... RELATED TOPICS: AURORAE . The visible aurorae result from electrons that move along magnetic field lines from space into the upper atmosphere. ... Just make sure you're registered with the website. Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ... If you are already registered on Astronomy.com, please log in below. ...

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• Fermi catches thunderstorms hurling antimatter into space | Astronomy.com
• Earth's magnetic field provides vital protection | Astronomy.com
• Enceladus plume is a new kind of plasma laboratory | Astronomy.com

Instrument Science Report ACS 2010-01 . ... Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) due to radiation damage above the Earth's atmosphere creates spurious trailing in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images. Radiation damage also creates unrelated warm pixels - but these happen to be perfect for measuring CTI. We model CTI in the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)/Wide Field Channel and construct a physically motivated correction scheme. ...

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• http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/observing/status_reports/old_reports_93/hst_status_09_28_93
• New COS/FUV TDS Correction Produces More Accurate Fluxes
• Project B - Producing an Unbiased Study of the Spheres of Influence of 1 Solar

Most current theories for magnetospheric emission can be grouped into polar cap, outer gap, and nebular models. These models, at least in some cases, need not be mutually exclusive; the Crab pulsar (among others), for example, shows clear evidence for pulsed emission from the magnetosphere and unpulsed emission from the surrounding nebula. ... This suggestion is strengthened by observation of a distinct soft emission component, consistent with the cooling scenario, from several of these pulsars. ...

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• *qpappend* -- Append a list of input qpoes to produce a single qpoe file
• Produce a spectral data set using the PROS task 'xray.xspectral.qpspec'
• To produce a region mask using SAOimage interactively.

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

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... RECOMMENDED VALUES OF PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS. ... This reference must be included when these constants are used in a context where their full accuracy is important. ... elementary charge (of proton) . ... gravitational constant . ... unified atomic mass constant . ... of electron . ... of proton . ... Planck constant . ... Rydberg constant, m 0 2 m e e 4 c 3 /8h 3 . ... fine structure constant, m 0 e 2 c/2h . ... Bohr radius, h 2 ( pm 0 c 2 m e e 2 ) . ... Bohr magneton, e h /2m e...

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... Articles | ... Forums . ... 230 deg . 49 deg . ... 130 deg . ... More Info . ... 210 deg . ... 168 deg . ... 249 deg . ... 195 deg . ... 271 deg . ... 110 deg . ... 338 deg . ... July 15 . 247 deg . ... 224 deg . ... 340 deg . ... July Phoenicids (PHE) . ... August 10 . 341 deg . ... 339 deg . ... 307 deg . ... 334 deg . ... 335 deg . ... 286 deg . ... 327 deg . ... 262 deg . ... 102 deg . ... 153 deg . ... 117 deg . ... December 2 . ... 123 deg . ... 100 deg . ... www.astronomy.net . ...

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• Discover The Science Behind The "Wormwood Star Prophecy" - an Astronomy Net God
• More Fuel - an Astronomy Net Blackholes2 Forum Message