Heavy elements such as the uranium used in generating nuclear power are extremely concentrated sources of energy. ... Space rockets require not just energy, but also mass , matter ejected backwards, of which nuclear fuel provides very little. The limiting factor in the operation of rockets is not a shortage of energy but the high temperature at which they operate. ... One possible loophole remains. ... Test model of "Orion," pro- . ... Next Stop: #32 Far-out Pathways to Space: Solar Sails . ...

... 30a. The HARP cannon . ... in the tube on top, the gun barrel is on bottom. ... Suppose the barrel of the cannon is a mile long (—1600 meter) and the final velocity v , the one with which the shell emerges, is the escape velocity from the surface of the Earth . ... The solution is to use a gun with two connected barrels, an auxiliary barrel as well as a main one in which the payload is accelerated (see drawing ). ... Next Regular Stop: #31 Far-out Pathways to Space: Nuclear Power . ...

... Preliminary analysis of early data returned by NASA's historic Galileo probe mission into Jupiter's atmosphere has provided a series of startling discoveries for project scientists. ... These initial findings are encouraging scientists to rethink their theories of Jupiter's formation and the nature of planetary evolution processes, according to probe project scientist Dr. Richard Young of NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA. ... GIF, 29K ) . ... Structure of Jupiter's Atmosphere . ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,