... A typical density of energetic ions is 1 per cubic cm., and the ions are matched by electrons, generally of lower energy. ... This region is almost empty of plasma--typical density 0.01 ion/cubic cm., the "best vacuum" in the Earth's vicinity--but it contains a relatively strong magnetic field which, since it fills a large volume, can store appreciable magnetic energy, Many believe that this is the storehouse from which substorms draw their energy, releasing it quite rapidly. ...

... Listed below are questions submitted by users of "The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere" and the answers given to them. ... The ones included below are either of the sort that keeps coming up again and again--the danger of solar eruptions, the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field, etc.-- or else the answers make a special point, going into extra details which might interest other users. ... Radiation Belts and Manned Space Flight . ... Capturing the Energy of the Solar Wind . ...

Blackholes2 Forum Message . ... Post . ... A Field Does Not Contain Energy? ... Post Message | ... Here are two sites of many which use rest mass terminology. http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0026-1394/41/5/S04/ . ... This site refers to the energy contained in a static gravitational field. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar25/articles27.htm . ... www.astronomy.net . ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

The CHIANTI database consists of 4 primary ASCII files for each ion in the database. contains the energy levels in cm^(-1) It includes both experimental data and theoretical values of the levels energies. ... 1997, ADNDT, 67, 225 %Comment: the theoretical energies from Palmeri et al. have been used as experimental ones when the latter were unavailable % produced as part of the Arcetri/Cambridge/NRL 'CHIANTI' atomic data base collaboration % % E. Landi - Feb 2005 . ...

WFC3 IR Detector Status Presentation to the Space Telescope User Committee April 20, 2006 Massimo Robberto "Data contained herein is exempt from ITAR regulations under CFR 125.4(13) -- data approved for public disclosure." ... January 6, 2006 WFC3 Scientific Oversight Committee Meeting 4 Dark Current "Data contained herein is exempt from ITAR regulations under CFR 125.4(13) -- data approved for public disclosure." ... January 6, 2006 WFC3 Scientific Oversight Committee Meeting 8 ...

The Satellite Telescope of Electrons and Protons STEP . ... Precision measurements of the energy, angular, and time distributions in precipitating fluxes of high-energy charged particles with solar, magnetospheric, and anomalous cosmic rays origin. ... Both "STEP-DI" and "STEP-DII" have an identical construction of large solid angle telescope from 4 detectors (D1-D4), first 2 of which (D1-D2) are position-sensitive silicon strip-detectors; both D3 and D4 are scintillation CsI(Tl) detectors. ...

... The auroral glow is created when fast-moving particles ejected from the Sun impact air molecules high in the Earth's atmosphere. An oxygen molecule, for example, will glow in a green light when reacquiring an electron lost during a collision with a solar particle. ... Barsoom . ... Yes, I have been to Barsoom again ..." begins John Carter in Edgar Rice Burroughs' 1913 science fiction classic "The Gods of Mars". ... Chandra Deep Field . ... Comet Hale Bopp in the Outer Solar System . ...

Spacecraft STP Data 1. ... This CD-ROM contains solar flare reports, sunspot numbers and regions histories, total solar irradiance, and solar bursts. ... MAGSAT - 2 discs. ... A Compilation of 1963-1999 Solar Wind Field and Plasma Data, Near Earth and Deep Space - 3 discs. This CD-ROM contains the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma (SWP) data from several spacecraft which have explored the near-Earth and deep space regions over the last three decades. ...

... Special Reports Giant space cloud may be powered by black holes 17:57 23 April 2007 NewScientist.com news service David Shiga An enormous cloud of roiling plasma in space may be drawing its energy from black holes, new observations suggest. Such clouds might be sources for the mysterious particles that occasionally crash into Earth's atmosphere at ultra - high speed. ... But higher energy particles in the cloud may be able to escape, he says. ...

... These trajectories have an initial flight from the Earth to a large distance (of about 1.5 million km), the following passive flight to the Moon's orbit, an approach to the Moon with a decrease of an energy of a particle (spacecraft) selenocentric motion to a negative value and the temporary capture in an elliptic orbit of the Moon's satellite. ... Several trajectories of this type are determined. ... Ivashkin V. V. On optimal trajectories of space flight to the Moon in the Earth--Moon--Sun system. ...

... galaxies: bulges galaxies: clusters: general galaxies: clusters: individual: . ... star formation statistics stellar content structure Cosmology ( cosmology :) cosmic background radiation ( cosmology :) cosmological parameters cosmology : miscellaneous cosmology : observations cosmology : theory ( cosmology :) dark ages, reionization, first stars ( cosmology :) dark energy ( cosmology :) dark matter ( cosmology :) diffuse radiation ( cosmology :) distance scale ( cosmology :) early Universe (...

... In brief: the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation is solved for a dust under assumption of spherically-symmetric geometry for its distribution taking into account particle size distribution and quantum heating effects for the very small dust particles. ... Table: Model parameters for IRAS04296+3429. ... parameter . ... hot dust shell) . ... The best fit to the spectral energy distribution of IRAS04296 is shown by heavy solid line (see Table2 for details concerning parameters of the model...

... High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy" Symposium | ... ANNOUNCEMENT Dear Colleague, We would like to invite you to participate in the International Symposium on "High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy", to be held June 26-30, 2000, in Heidelberg, Germany. The idea of the Symposium is to discuss the basic topics and the objectives of the rapidly developing field of gamma-ray astronomy in the high energy regime above 10 GeV. ... High energy counterparts of Gamma-Ray Bursts. ... Gamma rays from Dark Matter. ...

... COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RADIOWAVE MULTIPLE SCATTERING EFFECTS IN IONOSPHERE USING MONTE-CARLO METHOD . ... Distribution of reflected radiation on the ground is computed. ... Such influence can be remarkable if the scattering is multiple, i.e. the optical thickness for the scattering process is considerably greater than a unit. ... Radiation energy transfer in the slab is modeled by distribution of some particles carring small portions of radiation energy. ... The isotropic plasma approximation is...

Introduction This catalogue contains mainly the atomic data needed in the astrophysical investigations of low-density plasma. It is a revised and extended version of the "Catalogue of Atomic Data for the Rarefied Astrophysical Plasma" (Golovatyj et al. ... Low-density plasma. ... In the present study we represent only the atomic data for computation of sp ectra of low-density astrophysical plasma (most known kinds of it are gaseous nebulae), their thermal and ionization structure. ...

The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

... According to the big bang theory, huge amounts of energy were released, giving rise to matter, antimatter and dark matter. ... The Big Bang Theory has enabled scientists to make certain predictions. ... These particles are the building blocks of matter, antimatter and dark matter. ... This could theoretically happen if the hydrogen was shockheated to over 100000 C. The Big Bang Theory is only a theory and so there is no concrete evidence to suggest that it is entirely correct. ...