... Amorphous carbonaceous materials can show a great diversity of optical properties due to the variability in their microstructure. ... The differently pyrolized celluloses are representative for a suit of carbonaceous material ranging from strongly disordered (insulating) to graphitized (conducting) material. Figure: Complex refractive index of hydrogenated amorphous carbon prepared by pyrolysis (annealing) of cellulose at different temperatures. ...

... The hotter the gas, the faster they move, and the more energy each of them holds. The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much , much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ...

... Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Dielectrics . ... Interband optical transitions and their optical properties. ... Excitons in crystals. ... Collective interaction effects in exciton and nonequilibrium high-density carrier system. ... Carrier spin and exciton optical orientation in semiconductors. ... Two-dimensional excitons in quantum wells and related quantum systems. €аState density in transverse magnetic field and effect of random potential fluctuation on one-particle spectrum shape. ...

Rudolph Hwa's research interest is in the interface among particle, nuclear, statistical and nonlinear physics. ... R. C. Hwa, "Fractal Measures in Multiparticle Production," Phys. Rev. D 41, 1456 (1990). ... R. C. Hwa, "Scaling Exponent of Multiplicity Fluctuation in Phase Transition," Phys. Rev. D 47, 2773 (1993). ... Phys. Rev. D 49, 5805 (1994). ... Z. Cao and R. C. Hwa, "Chaotic Behavior of Particle Production in Branching Processes," Phys. Rev. D 53, 6608 (1996). ...

... Energy . ... The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much, much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ... Typical energy of an electron in the polar aurora. 40,000 ev . ... 50,000 ev . ...

Next: Field of View Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Back Illumination . The CCD acts as a storage medium, and with frame times of the order seconds, there is no obvious method of employing prompt co-incidence rejection of charged particle events. ... In conventional CCDs, a m track length results in an equivalent energy deposition of 5 - 6 keV, and significant confusion with X-ray events arises. ... A trade-off between rejection efficiency and spectroscopic efficiency is required. ...

Find Similar Abstracts . ... Interaction between free electrons and electromagnetic radiation . ... ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING, ELECTRON PLASMA, FREE ELECTRONS, PARTICLE INTERACTIONS, PLASMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA, BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE, CIRCULAR POLARIZATION, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION, INTEGRAL EQUATIONS, KINETIC EQUATIONS, PHOTONS, SOLITARY WAVES, THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM, THOMSON SCATTERING . ...

The aromatic features in M101 were studied spectroscopically and photometrically using observations from all three instruments on the Spitzer Space Telescope. The global SED of M101 shows strong aromatic feature (commonly called PAH feature) emission. ... This implies that the weakening of the aromatic emission in massive star-forming regions is due primarily to processing of the dust grains in these environments, not to differences in how they form. ...

... The photon temperature now is T p = 2.728 K and the neutrino temperature now is 1.947 K. If neutrinos are massless then we can compute their equivalent mass density using rho = [Q/a 3 ]/c 2 = N n (2\sigma/c)(7/8)g f T n 4 where N n is the number of neutrino species: N n = 6 for 3 types of neutrinos and 3 types of anti-neutrinos. ... Because this behavior is caused by the thermal velocity of the neutrinos, this form of dark matter is called Hot Dark Matter . ...

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The space between the planets is far from empty. It contains: electromagnetic radiation (photons); hot plasma (electrons, protons and other ions) a.k.a. the solar wind ; cosmic rays; microscopic dust particles; and magnetic fields (primarily the Sun's). While the Sun 's radiation is obvious, the other components of the interplanetary medium were not discovered until very recently. ... Except near some of the planets, interplanetary space is filled with the Sun's magnetic field. ... Sun .. ...

... comedi_set_global_oor_behavior -- out-of-range behavior . ... int comedi_set_global_oor_behavior (enum comedi_oor_behavior behavior); . ... This currently affects the behavior of comedi_to_phys() when converting endpoint sample values, that is, sample values equal to 0 or maxdata. If the out-of-range behavior is set to COMEDI_OOR_NAN, endpoint values are converted to NAN. If the out-of-range behavior is set to COMEDI_OOR_NUMBER, the endpoint values are converted similarly to other values. ...

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We have obtained simultaneous high resolution H alpha and Na I D spectra of five dwarf M stars that span a wide range in chromospheric activity level. ... However, the H alpha line systematically indicates a value for the mass loading at the onset of the Transition Region and the location of T_min that is 0.4 dex lower in column mass density than that indicated by NaI D. Therefore, the profile of both lines cannot be simultaneously well fit for all but one of our stars. ...

... Mathematical methods in physics . ... NUCLEAR PHYSICS . ... CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES . ... Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter . ... Thermal properties of condensed matter . ... CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES . ... Electronic transport in condensed matter . ... Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of radiation and particles with condensed matter . ...

... part 1 | ... The Basic Stages in Earth's Pre-geological Development . ... After fragments of the Vortex sleeves separated, whirlwinds of second and third orders ("NC" - new micro-vortex) were generated- future planet cores and their satellites - all of them developing independently, governed by the common laws of development of cosmogenic vortexes. ... Our planet's core today is comprised of considerably deteriorated cosmogenic vortex; consequently, the Earth has a moderated magnetic field. ...

... The Giotto Spacecraft . ... Nucleus . ... The goal was to come within 500 kilometers (310 miles) of Halley's comet at closest encounter. ... During the Halley encounter, Giotto crossed the bow shock at 1.15 million kilometers (715,000 miles) from the nucleus. ... On July 10, 1992, the Giotto spacecraft successfully completed its second close encounter with a cometary nucleus, when it passed within approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) of Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup at 15:30 UTC (ground receive time)...

... Tonight's Sky . ... News . Observing . ... The double star 54 Leonis, spiral galaxy NGC 3198, and emission nebula NGC 3199 . ... Astronomy for Kids . ... Observing springtime deep-sky objects with a large telescope . ... New theory explains supernovae behavior . ... Making of supernovae explained . ... Only registered members of Astronomy.com are allowed to comment on this article. ... Receive news, sky-event information, observing tips, and more from Astronomy's weekly email newsletter. ...

... Contamination on optical surfaces degrades the throughput of an optical system. ... Contamination is particularly pernicious on the unprotected aluminum that is commonly used on the large first-surface mirrors of reflecting telescopes. ... During that period, the covers of their protective cases is opened whenever the 3.5-m telescope primary mirror cover is opened for nighttime observing. ... CO2 clean exposed mirrors in SS case. ... Light scattering measurements performed on cleaned mirrors. ...

... 17.12.1997 . ... Night Lightning on Jupiter . ... Why is there lightning on Jupiter? Lightning is a sudden rush of electrically charged particles from one location to another. ... As 1997 fades, so does the Great Comet of 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp. ... Many will remember Comet Hale-Bopp as a comet with a coma so bright it could be seen by eye even when near the Moon. ... The Coma Cluster of Galaxies . ... Each of these galaxies house billions of stars - just as our own Milky Way Galaxy does. ...