... Files in red?history) . ... Trapped Motion . ... 10a. Particle Drift . ... Fast Particles . ... The fact charged particles circle around field lines was well known to J.J. Thomson when he experimented with electron and ion beams in a magnetic field. ... The notion of adiabatic invariance is tied with the early years of quantum theory. ... By about1910, physicists realized that these patterns indicated changes in the laws of physics as one approached atomic dimensions. ...

We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. The best detectors for observing solar particles are therefore those sensitive to the lowest energies of the cosmic radiation. ...

A limit on the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux from Centaurus A Justin Bray For the LUNASKA collaboration Clancy James, Ron Ekers, Chris Phillips, Paul Roberts, John Reynolds, Rebecca McFadden, Ray Protheroe, Jaime Alvarez-MuЯiz, Justin Bray Outline: · Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays neutrinos · Detecting UHE neutrinos · The lunar Cherenkov technique · Observations with the ATCA · Observations with Parkes · ASKAP and the future ... Detection Geometry Neutrinos are penetrating.. ...

... Acceleration of particles in the vicinity of a massive black hole We propose a two-step mechanism for charged particle acceleration in the magnetosphere of a massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. Particles first gain energy by stochastic process during the accretion phase. It is shown that effective proton acceleration up to energies eV is possible in the turbulent magnetized accretion disk. ...

... To shed new light on these mysteries, we combine the gravitational lensing power of 25 massive galaxy clusters with HST's enhanced panchromatic imaging capabilities (WFC3 and the restored ACS) to test structure formation models with unprecedented precision. We have dubbed our program CLASH, which stands for: . ... CLASH: An Innovative Survey to Place New Constraints on the Fundamental Components of the Cosmos using the Hubble Space Telescope . ...

... Mission discovers particle accelerator in heart of Van Allen radiation belts . ... Using data from a NASA satellite, scientists have discovered a massive particle accelerator in the heart of one of the harshest regions of near-Earth space, a region of super-energetic charged particles surrounding the globe and known as the Van Allen radiation belts. New results from NASA s Van Allen probes show the acceleration energy is in the belts themselves. ... Discover | ...

The approaches mentioned in the section title belong to one family which is called in Newton's book [ 56 ] the short waves or high energy approximation (HEA). It means the scattering by soft particles (or potentials) in the case of the wavelengths short in comparison with the particle size (or correspondingly the case of scattering of high energy particles by the potentials). ...

Wave-Particle Duality of Light. click here to see a wave experiment . ... In the wave theory, greater light intensity simply means more photons. Each photon ejects electrons in the same way, so more intensity means more electrons. Threshold frequency and electron K.E. should not be affected by intensity. ... Light frequencies below the threshold eject no electrons, no matter how intense the light. Light frequencies above the threshold eject electrons, no matter how low the intensity. ...

Electron-Bombarded, Back-Illuminated CCD Sensors . For Low-Light-Level Imaging Applications . ... Damage to the gate structure oxide layers from keV level X-rays will likely result in increased dark current and decreased full-well capacity. ... Figure 14 shows the increase in dark current versus incident electron energies. ... The back-thinned CCD's 'lifetime' is defined, herein, to be a 50 electron per pixel increase in CCD dark current per 16.7 millisecond integration period. ...

ION AND ELECTRON ENERGY DETECTOR PAN-2 . ... The energy and angular distributions of charged particles can bring further information on the nature and spatial scales of magnetospheres processes. ... It permits the fast measurements of energy and angular parameters of charged particles in the range 40eV-40keV. ... The sensor unit is an electron electrostatic, axially symmetrical, toroidal analyzer. ... The energy range for both types of charged particles must stepped according to the logarithmic scale. ...

Solar Flare Origin - critical analysis" Lev Pusti'lnik We analyze current approach to solar flare origin in 3 aspects: a. Pre-flare equilibrium state of current-magnetic structure above active region and its evolution to flare state, b. Possible reasons of stability loss with transition of system in flare state c. Flare energy release in turbulent current sheet and particle acceleration in this system. ...

11 august 2014/Monday: Arriving, Registration . ... The variation of solar flare coronal X-ray source spatial properties. ... Melnikov V.F., Charikov Yu.E., Kudriavtsev I.V. Directivity of X-ray and gamma-ray emission from different parts of flaring magnetic loops. ... E., Melnikov V.F. Angular characteristics of polarization degree of hard X-ray emission from different parts of flaring magnetic loops. ... The thick target model and analytical calculations of the hard X-ray emission from solar flares. ...

... For SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) analysis, a solid surface is bombarded by primary ions of some keV energy. ... The subsequent mass analysis of the emitted ions provides detailed information on the elemental and molecular composition of the surface. ... Extremely short ion pulses with a duration below . ... By rastering a fine-focussed ion beam over the surface, like an electron beam in an electron microprobe, mass resolved secondary ion images (chemical maps) can be obtained...

ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SPECTRA OF SOLAR MICROWAVE BURSTS . AND SPECTRA OF PROTON FLUXES NEAR EARTH . ... which is equivalent to the power-law index of the integral energy spectrum of protons registered near the Earth orbit in a range of 10-100 MeV , on the one hand, and parameters of microwave bursts such as a ratio of peak fluxes at two frequencies (e.g., 9 and 15 GHz) and a microwave peak frequency f m as well. ...

Solar & Heliospheric Radiophysics of the Future T. S. Bastian NRAO · Science drivers · Observations & techniques · New instrumentation Science Issues (~10 yrs) · Magnetic energy storage and release flares and CMEs · Particle acceleration SEPs · Wave dissipation Corona/Chromosphere/Solar Wind · Space weather prediction from L. Lanzerotti Long duration flare observed on west limb by Yohkoh and the Nobeyama radioheliograph on 16 March 1993. ...

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

are denoted by the following symbols and may be taken to have the values below Elementary charge Speed of light in vacuum Planck constant Permeability of vacuum Permittivity of vacuum Unified atomic mass constant Rest mass of proton Rest mass of electron Boltzmann constant Avogadro constant Gravitational ... Write down the expression for the gravitational field, g, at distance r from a point mass of mass m, carefully defining all the terms in your expression. ...

Blackholes Forum Message . Forums: . ... Statments I Disagree With . ... The discovery of the electron reduced the amount of mass attributed to particles and increased the amount of mass associated with the energy of momentum. ... Einstein’s equation E = M x C^2 predicts that any energy added to a mass will cause that mass to increase. #4 appears to be the basis of your thinking. ... This equation is very nonlinear in energy vs mass. ... www.astronomy.net . About Astronomy Net | ...

Most current theories for magnetospheric emission can be grouped into polar cap, outer gap, and nebular models. These models, at least in some cases, need not be mutually exclusive; the Crab pulsar (among others), for example, shows clear evidence for pulsed emission from the magnetosphere and unpulsed emission from the surrounding nebula. ... This suggestion is strengthened by observation of a distinct soft emission component, consistent with the cooling scenario, from several of these pulsars. ...

SPACE WEATHER . The response of our space environment to the constantly changing Sun is known as space weather. ... Some of the most dramatic space weather effects occur in association with eruptions of material from the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space. ... Space weather disturbances are generally caused by solar storms. ... the Sun. ... Every object in the solar system experiences the equivalent of Earth's space weather, although its detailed characteristics differ from place to place. ...