... Aurora . ... William Gilbert The north-south pointing property of the compass needle was discovered in China around the year 1000, and in 1600 William Gilbert in London showed that this could be explained if the entire Earth was a huge magnet. ... Only after 1958, when the first scientific spacecraft were launched and when Explorers 1 and 3 discovered the radiation belt, did scientists fully appreciate the complexity of electric and magnetic phenomena that occur in the Earth's magnetic environment. ...

... A Teacher's Introduction to the Earth's Magnetosphere . ... Exploration" as a Classroom Resource . A basic chronology of key dates in the exploration of the magnetosphere. ... Radiation Belts. The Sun and the Solar Wind. ... Close-Up of the Aurora. ... The Polar Aurora . ... 10H. History: 1910--Einstein introduces "adiabatic invariants". 10a. Particle Drift in Space (optional) . ... 25H. History: 1903--Birkeland observes the electric currents of the polar aurora. 25a. The Triad Spacecraft . ...

Titan . ... Hubble Space Telescope Images of Titan's surface . ... Later that year, it will release the European-built Huygens probe for a descent through Titan's atmosphere. ... This artist's rendering shows the European Space Agency's Huygens probe descending into the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ... This artist's rendering shows the Huygens probe on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan after being released by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. ...

Cosmic Research, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 435­488. Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 453­508. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Veselovsky, Panasyuk, Avdyushin, Bazilevskaya, Belov, Bogachev, Bogod, Bogomolov, Bothmer, Boyarchuk, Vashenyuk, Vlasov, Gnezdilov, Gorgutsa, Grechnev, Denisov, Dmitriev, Dryer, Yermolaev, Eroshenko, Zherebtsov, Zhitnik, Zhukov, Zastenker, Zelenyi, Zeldovich, Ivanov-Kholodnyi, Ignat'ev, Ishkov, Kolomiytsev, Krasheninnikov, Kudela,