... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. The best detectors for observing solar particles are therefore those sensitive to the lowest energies of the cosmic radiation. ...

Solar & Heliospheric Radiophysics of the Future T. S. Bastian NRAO Ї Science drivers Ї Observations & techniques Ї New instrumentation Science Issues (~10 yrs) Ї Magnetic energy storage and release flares and CMEs Ї Particle acceleration SEPs Ї Wave dissipation Corona/Chromosphere/Solar Wind Ї Space weather prediction from L. Lanzerotti Long duration flare observed on west limb by Yohkoh and the Nobeyama radioheliograph on 16 March 1993. ...

Chiaki Kobayashi, Ralph Sutherland How galaxies did form and evolution? - to answer this unsolved problem, we are simulating the formation and evolutionary history of galaxies in the Universe, including star formation, supernovae feedback, and chemical enrichment. Comparing the spacial distribution of elements within galaxies with observations, we will examine fundamental physical processes that drive galaxy formation. ... COALA : Universe Galaxy AGN Star Planet ...

What happens to a star heavier than five solar masses? ... Stars about ten solar masses probably behave like our five solar mass star until they reach the end of core-helium burning. ... The Crab nebula was formed after a massive explosion ripped a star apart in 1054. ... Today, the glowing outer layers of the star are still rushing away from a tiny star in the centre. ... An incredible explosion rips through the outer layers of the star, releasing colossal amounts of energy in a supernova explosion. ...

Solar Flare Origin - critical analysis" Lev Pusti'lnik We analyze current approach to solar flare origin in 3 aspects: a. Pre-flare equilibrium state of current-magnetic structure above active region and its evolution to flare state, b. Possible reasons of stability loss with transition of system in flare state c. Flare energy release in turbulent current sheet and particle acceleration in this system. ...

... For SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) analysis, a solid surface is bombarded by primary ions of some keV energy. ... The subsequent mass analysis of the emitted ions provides detailed information on the elemental and molecular composition of the surface. ... Extremely short ion pulses with a duration below . ... By rastering a fine-focussed ion beam over the surface, like an electron beam in an electron microprobe, mass resolved secondary ion images (chemical maps) can be obtained...

... Content Model: %Body.Content . ... Note that the ID, LANG and CLASS attributes can be used with virtually all of the elements permitted in the document body. ... CLASS . ... The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. ...

The CHIANTI database consists of 4 primary ASCII files for each ion in the database. contains the energy levels in cm^(-1) It includes both experimental data and theoretical values of the levels energies. References: %Observed energy levels (2): Feldman, U., Curdt, W., Landi, E., Wilhelm, K., 2000, ApJ, 544, 508 %Observed energy levels (3,4,5): Sandlin, G.D., Bruekner, G.E., Scherrer, V.E., Tousey, R., 1976, ApJ, 205, L47 %Observed energy levels (6 to 15): Fuhr, J.R., et al., ...

... When dealing with the spherical aberration, point spread function (PSF) images are often an important element in the deconvolution of WF/PC-1 data. ... Spacecraft jitter. Ideally, PSFs should be observed in a variety of positions on each chip, in all filters used and close in time to the observation, a time-consuming process. ... data_fil . ... Except for very short exposures, both the observed and modeled PSFs will not perfectly match WF/PC-1 images due to the jitter in the HST pointing. ...

... Acceleration of particles in the vicinity of a massive black hole We propose a two-step mechanism for charged particle acceleration in the magnetosphere of a massive black hole surrounded by an accretion disk. Particles first gain energy by stochastic process during the accretion phase. It is shown that effective proton acceleration up to energies eV is possible in the turbulent magnetized accretion disk. ...

... Mission discovers particle accelerator in heart of Van Allen radiation belts . ... Using data from a NASA satellite, scientists have discovered a massive particle accelerator in the heart of one of the harshest regions of near-Earth space, a region of super-energetic charged particles surrounding the globe and known as the Van Allen radiation belts. New results from NASA s Van Allen probes show the acceleration energy is in the belts themselves. ... Discover | ...

An Ancient Universe: How Astronomers Know the Vast Scale of Cosmic Time . ... d) The Age of the Chemical Elements . ... Some isotopes (forms of the element with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus) of these elements are radioactive; they change into other isotopes at a rate that can be measured accurately in the laboratory. ... The Ancient Universe - The Age of the Expanding Universe - The Age of the Oldest Stars - The Age of Light From Distant Galaxies - The Age of the Chemical Elements | ...

Cosmic Rays . ... Credit Copyright: NASA Explanation: Have you ever been hit by a beam of high energy particles from above? ... Showers of high energy particles occur when energetic cosmic rays strike the top of the Earth's atmosphere. ... It is now known that most cosmic rays are atomic nuclei . ... The relative abundance changes with cosmic ray energy -- the highest energy cosmic rays tend to be heavier nuclei. ... This drawing illustrates air showers from very high energy cosmic rays . ...

Next: Radiopulsars as Sources of Up: Cosmic Rays and Evolution Previous: Cosmic Rays and Evolution . Presently, there is little doubt that galactic CR can be generated at rapidly expanding shock fronts produced by supernova explosions. ... Statistical properties of radiopulsars in our Galaxy indicate a formation rate of NS of about 1 per 10-20 years in the present cosmological epoch, while direct astronomical observations have so far not detected supernova explosions at this high rate. ...

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

... Fitting the observed dependence includes calculations of the polarization cross-sections averaged over particles orientation and size distribution, their normalization and the comparison of obtained dependencies with Serkowski's curve representing observational data for a chosen star. ... Variations of the polarization factors with wavelength are shown in Fig. 16 for homogeneous spheroidal particles with PF orientation. ... The distinction between prolate and oblate spheroids is also clearly seen. ...

... 8, ``Celestial Mechanics'', 2002 Earth penumbra effects on AES motion taking into account the refraction and the extinction of the light in the atmosphere A. M. Fominov Institute of Applied Astronomy, St. Petersburg, Russia The perturbing acceleration F of the Artificial Earth Satellite (AES) due to the solar ... In step 1, the table of the shadow function values with the angle distances d between the solar disk and the earth disk edge may be calculated. ...

... Programme . ... Abstract: Planetary nebulae constitute a unique source of light element abundances for individual stars in a distant stellar population. Multi-slit spectra of 50 planetary nebulae (PN) in NGC 5128 have been observed with the ESO VLT and FORS1 spectrometer. The planetary nebulae were observed in three fields covering a range of galactic radii from 2 to 19 kpc. The emission line spectra have been analysed for light element abundances (He, O, N, Ne, S, Ar). ...