... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

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• Magnetospheres and the Universe
• The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere"
• Energetic Particles

... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

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• Energetic Particles
• Cosmic Rays
• High Energy Particles

Next: Radiopulsars as Sources of Up: Cosmic Rays and Evolution Previous: Cosmic Rays and Evolution . Presently, there is little doubt that galactic CR can be generated at rapidly expanding shock fronts produced by supernova explosions. ... Statistical properties of radiopulsars in our Galaxy indicate a formation rate of NS of about 1 per 10-20 years in the present cosmological epoch, while direct astronomical observations have so far not detected supernova explosions at this high rate. ...

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• Gravitational waves from supernova explosions
• #tex2html_wrap_inline12527#-#tex2html_wrap_inline12529# for Supernova...
• Radiopulsars as Sources of Cosmic Rays

Tired light models invoke a gradual energy loss by photons as they travel through the cosmos to produce the redshift-distance law. ... The tired light model can not produce a blackbody spectrum for the Cosmic Microwave Background without some incredible coincidences. ... So the CMB must have come from a far away part of the Universe, and its photons will thus lose energy by the tired light effect. ... Assume that the CMB starts out as a T = (1+z)*T_o = 2.998 K blackbody, which is the blue curve. ...

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• Photon/Particle Counting Image Measurement System : PIAS-TI (Hamamatsu

Astronomy Picture of the Day . ... 4.04.2001 . ... NASA Explanation: Light from a star that exploded over 10 billion light-years away is revealed in the panel at the lower right, a cosmic snapshot of the most distant supernova . ... April . ... April 2001 . ... 2001 2002 . ... Publications with keywords: big bang - supernova - dark energy . Publications with words: big bang - supernova - dark energy . ... Shocked by Supernova 1987A . The Mysterious Rings of Supernova 1987A . ...

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• Астронет > Distant Supernova Dark Energy
• XWare > APOD

Astronotes Armagh Planetarium's Stellar Blog! ... As example you have only to look at the recent discovery of a supernova by Irish astronomer David Grennan . ... The last confirmed supernova in the Milky Way to be observed was in 1604 (known to history as Kepler ?s Star; it was bright enough to be seen in the daytime sky). €а Ever since then all supernovae examined by astronomers have been denizens of other galaxies. ... Tweets that mention Supernova spotted by Irish astronomer -- Topsy.com . ...

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• Supernova in the Cigar Galaxy | Astronotes
• Cosmic Rays from Outer Space | Astronotes
• Crab Nebula and its mysteries | Astronotes

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 April 4 . Distant Supernova, Dark Energy . ... NASA . Explanation: A pinpoint of light from a star that exploded over 10 billion light-years away is centered in the panel at the lower right, a cosmic snapshot of the most distant supernova . ... About APOD | ... NASA Technical Rep.: ... A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC . ...

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• Supernova Research at Universities - Supernovae.net
• APOD: 2015 September 1 - Distant Neutrinos Detected Below Antarctic Ice
• Distant supernova may reveal how universe expanded 10 billion years ago

The CHIANTI database consists of 4 primary ASCII files for each ion in the database. contains the energy levels in cm^(-1) It includes both experimental data and theoretical values of the levels energies. References: %Observed energy levels (2): Feldman, U., Curdt, W., Landi, E., Wilhelm, K., 2000, ApJ, 544, 508 %Observed energy levels (3,4,5): Sandlin, G.D., Bruekner, G.E., Scherrer, V.E., Tousey, R., 1976, ApJ, 205, L47 %Observed energy levels (6 to 15): Fuhr, J.R., et al., ...

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Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

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• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Ionospheric parameter

A large amount (about three solar masses) of cold (18K) dust in the prototypical type II supernova remnant Cassiopeia A was recently reported. It was concluded that dust production in type II supernovae can explain how the large quantities (~ 108 solar masses) of dust observed in the most distant quasars could have been produced within only 700 million years after the Big Bang. ... ADS Citation Query . ... 2005,10][2006,10][2007,7][2008,6][2009,15][2010,11][2011,6][2012,4][2014,3][2015,3] . ...

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• Herschel Detects a Massive Dust Reservoir in Supernova 1987A
• Dr. Adam Riess - Dark Energy
• A New Database of Observed Spectral Energy Distributions of Nearby Starburst

Solar & Heliospheric Radiophysics of the Future T. S. Bastian NRAO · Science drivers · Observations & techniques · New instrumentation Science Issues (~10 yrs) · Magnetic energy storage and release flares and CMEs · Particle acceleration SEPs · Wave dissipation Corona/Chromosphere/Solar Wind · Space weather prediction from L. Lanzerotti Long duration flare observed on west limb by Yohkoh and the Nobeyama radioheliograph on 16 March 1993. ...

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• http://www.naic.edu/~astro/frontiers/NewScieComa_Apr07.pdf
• http://www.naic.edu/vscience/schedule/tpfiles/LorimertagP1107tp.ps
• http://www.naic.edu/vscience/schedule/2013Spring/ArzoumaniantagP2777.pdf

... Fitting the observed dependence includes calculations of the polarization cross-sections averaged over particles orientation and size distribution, their normalization and the comparison of obtained dependencies with Serkowski's curve representing observational data for a chosen star. ... Variations of the polarization factors with wavelength are shown in Fig. 16 for homogeneous spheroidal particles with PF orientation. ... The distinction between prolate and oblate spheroids is also clearly seen. ...

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• Wavelength dependence
• Extinction properties (transmitted radiation)

... Bad Astronomy . ... Bitesize Astronomy . ... Bad Astro Store . ... Slacker Astronomy . ... Keep Bad Astronomy close to your heart, and help make me filthy rich. ... Life Under the Moon . ... Seeing Jupiter's Moons . ... Time Zones and the Spherical Earth . A Companion to the Earth? ... December 19, 1999) . ... Big Moon, Little Moon . ... How Big is the Moon? ... 14, 2000) . ... 2008 Phil Plait. ... Subscribe to the Bad Astronomy Newsletter! Talk about Bad Astronomy on the BA Bulletin Board! ...

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... Currently, there is very little information on comets which are active beyond the orbit of Jupiter. ... Previous observations conducted by our team with the SAO RAS 6-m telescope showed that some of these comets have extended tails dissimilar to the tails of comets forming at close heliocentric distances. ... We for the first time measured the linear polarization of scattered emission for the two distant comets C/2010 S1 (LINEAR) and C/2010 R1 (LINEAR) at heliocentric distances of 5.9-7.0 au. ...

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• Solar activity
• Metagalaxy sector, archive 2007
• Galaxy sector, archive 2012

... Tonight's Sky . ... Gravitational wave search provides insights into galaxy evolution and mergers . ... Mysterious source of high-energy cosmic radiation discovered . ... During 10 years, five high-energy cosmic rays (plotted as orange asterisks) came from one small part of the sky near the star Merak in the Big Dipper. ... Scientists have discovered a previously unidentified nearby source of high-energy cosmic rays. ... Only registered members of Astronomy.com are allowed to comment on this article...

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• Cassini sheds light on cosmic particle accelerators | Astronomy.com
• Cosmic rays radiate radio waves | Astronomy.com
• Tracking the origins of speedy space particles | Astronomy.com

What happens to a star heavier than five solar masses? ... Stars about ten solar masses probably behave like our five solar mass star until they reach the end of core-helium burning. ... The Crab nebula was formed after a massive explosion ripped a star apart in 1054. ... Today, the glowing outer layers of the star are still rushing away from a tiny star in the centre. ... An incredible explosion rips through the outer layers of the star, releasing colossal amounts of energy in a supernova explosion. ...

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• Broadening of Si VIII lines observed in the Solar polar coronal holes
• Solar Eclipse Observed Armagh Observatory
• Perseid Meteors

... Research objects and scientific purposes . Space scientific program includes development and launch of two supersmall spacecrafts "Universitetskiy" and "Kompas-2" intended for monitoring of radiation conditions near the Earth. ... All the studies conducted in the near-Earth space are characterised by strong radiation fields. ... The circular polar orbits, which cover all the near-Earth space, are the most favorable for comprehensive studies of the radiation conditions near the Earth. ...

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... Back to the Live Radiation Monitor Data The radiation monitor on board XMM-Newton registers the total count rate and basic spectral information on the background radiation impinging on the spacecraft and its scientific instruments. ... Counting of pulses for a selected energy band and above the low thresholds. ... Sensitivity: due to the electronic threshold, actually only electrons with energy greater than 130 keV and protons greater than 1.3 MeV can be measured by this unit. ...

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• XMM Science Objectives

This page is devoted to information on Supernova 1999gi in NGC 3184 . ... Information on the original web pages for many of these images can be found on the Supernova links web page. ... NGC 3184 is a fairly close Mag 10.3 galaxy, only about half as distant as the Virgo cluster. ... Seiichi Yoshida has a 1999gi page . Odd Trondal's 1999gi page . ... CfA image . ... 14.5 . ... Jean Marie Llapasset image . ... vsnet-alert 3805 ] SN 1999gi in NGC 3184 . vsnet-chat 2438 ] Host galaxy of SN1999gi . ...

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• Supernova 1998ar in NGC 2916
• Supernova 1993J in M81
• Supernova 2002dv and 2002eg in UGC 11486

Next: Radio pulse characteristics Up: An overview Previous: The structure of neutron . Typically Gauss for normal pulsars . Consistent with flux conservation during stellar collapse . ... Gravity dominates stellar structure . B field dominates exterior . Stellar surface is so small that observed emission is dominated by the magnetic field. ... Only field lines inside light cylinder are closed . Particles are constrained move along field lines . ...

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• ATNF Colloquium
• Highest energy particles project
• The Beam Properties at the Distance of the Earth