... Timeline . ... 10a. Particle Drift . ... 11a. Geiger Counter . ... Fast Particles . ... Energy . As noted in the section on plasmas , gases conduct electricity only when some of their atoms are ionized, i.e. are split up into free electrons and ions . ... A Geiger Counter A "Geiger counter" usually contains a metal tube with a thin metal wire along its middle, the space in between them sealed off and filled with a suitable gas, and with the wire at about +1000 volts relative to the tube. ...

... Energy . ... The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much, much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ... Typical energy of an electron in the polar aurora. 40,000 ev . ... 50,000 ev . ...

ION AND ELECTRON ENERGY DETECTOR PAN-2 . ... The energy and angular distributions of charged particles can bring further information on the nature and spatial scales of magnetospheres processes. ... It permits the fast measurements of energy and angular parameters of charged particles in the range 40eV-40keV. ... The sensor unit is an electron electrostatic, axially symmetrical, toroidal analyzer. ... The energy range for both types of charged particles must stepped according to the logarithmic scale. ...

Photon/Particle Counting Image Measurement System : PIAS-TI . The PIAS-TI is an extremely sensitive image measurement device developed for imaging and quantification in ultimate levels with an extremely small number of photons, electrons and charged particles. ... The PIAS-TI is a measuring system that makes use of the technology of the photon counter to detect the input positions of individual photons or particles, and accumulate them to create an image. ...

. Pulkovo Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences is situated . near Saint-Petersburg. It was founded in 1839. 196140, Saint-Petersburg, Pulkovskoye chaussee 65/1 . English version . Russian version . This page has been accessed times since May 1, 1999.

... HST Phase II Proposal Instructions for Cycle 20 > Chapter 12: Cosmic OriginsSpectrograph (COS) > OBSERVING MODES > 12.11 Mode = TIME-TAGConfig = COS/NUV . ... Note: No wavelength should be specified if MIRRORA or MIRRORB is the Spectral Element. ... BUFFER-TIME . ... FP-POS = ALL indicates that the specified exposure time will be the exposure time for each FP-POS position. The values FP-POS=1, 2 or 4 will result in the exposure being taken at an offset from the specified central wavelength. ...

University Satellites and . Space Science Education . ... It is necessary to select a topic interesting from scientific point of view and simple enough to allow students understand and participate in all stages of experiment from measurements via data analysis to physical inference. ... Solar modulation effects and physical characteristics and analysis of the major solar events are possible only by joining data from space-born and surface particle and radiation detectors. ...

... Back to the Live Radiation Monitor Data The radiation monitor on board XMM-Newton registers the total count rate and basic spectral information on the background radiation impinging on the spacecraft and its scientific instruments. ... Counting of pulses for a selected energy band and above the low thresholds. ... Sensitivity: due to the electronic threshold, actually only electrons with energy greater than 130 keV and protons greater than 1.3 MeV can be measured by this unit. ...

... For SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) analysis, a solid surface is bombarded by primary ions of some keV energy. ... The subsequent mass analysis of the emitted ions provides detailed information on the elemental and molecular composition of the surface. ... Extremely short ion pulses with a duration below . ... By rastering a fine-focussed ion beam over the surface, like an electron beam in an electron microprobe, mass resolved secondary ion images (chemical maps) can be obtained...

This WWW form allows the user simplified access to images produced by the NRAO/VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). This service determines which NVSS image is desired based on a celestial position and returns either the image directly or a Web page with a link to the file. ... The NVSS Postage stamp (small FITS file) server can be used to obtain images with other geometries.) ... Web browsers use external viewers to display files like FITS images which they do not understand. ...

April 4, 2008 (Friday) Maxim Pospelov, Victoria University . ... Fall 2007 . Winter 2008 . Fall 2006 . Winter 2007 . Spring 2007 . ... A new generation cosmic ray detector, the Pierre Auger Observatory, has been designed to study cosmic rays with energy above 10 18 eV and answer the crucial questions of ultra high energy cosmic ray physics. ... Oscillating scalar fields, with an oscillation frequency much greater than the expansion rate, have been proposed as models for dark energy. ...

Using the Huygens and Babinet principles van de Hulst [ 11 ] considered the problem of light scattering and extinction by a particle having the size and the refractive index . ... The absorption cross-section is . ... The range of applicability of the anomalous diffraction theory for the scattering amplitude is limited by small angles, however the formules for the cross-sections became good approximations for a wide class of particles. ... This problem for spherical particles was solved by A.Ya. ...

... Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens . ... Hen 1357: New Born Nebula . ... This Hubble Space Telescope snapshot shows Hen-1357, the youngest known planetary nebula. ... But if our Sun were found within a star cluster, thousands of stars might occupy a similar space. ... A Global Dust Storm on Mars . ... IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula . ... Dubbed the Spirograph Nebula for its resemblance to drawings from a cyclical drawing tool, planetary nebula IC 418 shows patterns that are not well understood. ...

Lessons learned from the Thirty Meter Telescope site testing Tony Travouillon Sebastian Els, Angel Otarola, Reed Riddle, Matthias Schoeck, Warren Skidmore TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 1 Introduction TMT and its Site testing. Important choice before going on site. ... Considerations during analysis of the data. TMT.XXX.PRE.05.0XX.DRF01 2 Some Background about the TMT Site Testing TMT is a 30m, segmented, RitcheyChretien telescope design. ... ASCA Cloud Cover Analysis So how do we do it in practice? ...

NATIONAL ASTRONOMY AND IONOSPHERE CENTER . ... Astronomy . ... Visitor Center . ... Kick-Off Ceremony of the Arecibo Observatory 50th Anniversary . ... Visit to AO of Hon. ... A group of Nuclear and Particle Physicists that are in Puerto Rico participating in their Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics visited the Arecibo Observatory on April 12, 2012. ...

... Classes . ... casa::CountedPtr< t > . ... Regular referenced counted pointer for non-constant data. ... This constructor allows for the creation of a null CountedPtr . CountedPtr (t *val, Bool delit= True ) . ... operator= (const CountedPtr < t > &val) . ... template<class t> . ... The assignment operator can be used to assign a null CountedPtr from another pointer. template<class t> . ... This copy constructor allows CountedPtr s to be initialized from other CountedPtr s. template<class t> . ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2014 February 4 . A Particle Beam Jet forms HH 24 . Image Credit: Hubble Legacy Archive , NASA , ESA - Processing: Judy Schmidt . Explanation: If you visit HH 24, don't go near the particle beam jet. ... Frequently when a star forms, a disk of dust and gas circles the YSO causing a powerful central jets to appear. ... About APOD | ...

Gamma-rays from the GC . M.Chernyakova (DIAS), D.Malyshev (DIAS), F.Aharonian (DIAS, MPIK), R.M.Crocker(MPIK), D.I.Jones(MPIK) 1 10°x10° Count and TS maps (>300 GeV) Gamma-rays from the GC 2 TS maps of the GC at different energies 300 MeV ­ 3GeV 3 GeV ­ 30 GeV 30 GeV ­ 300 GeV Gamma-rays from the GC 3 4 Gamma-rays from the GC Lightcurve 5 Gamma-rays from the GC Source spectrum Model X-ray and low-energy emission come from the central object, probably SMBH accretion disk. ...

Lectures . ... Home Lectures Lecture Series 2010-2011 Lecture Series 2010-2011 ? Particle Physics at the LHC and Cosmology? by Michael Tuts . ... Lecture Series 2010-2011 . ... Beyond New York City . ... Observing Resources for Amateur Astronomers - Part 1: Beginning Observers . ... A History of the First Forty Years of the Amateur Astronomers Association . ... Amateur Astronomers Medal . ... 2016 Amateur Astronomers Association of New York Designed by Press Customizr Powered by . ...

... These are the typical steps through which a CCD image has to go. ... That process is repeated until all the pixels from the 1st line are read out. ... Figure 1: raw CCD image, obtained with a Tektronics 1024; refer to the bottom of the page for the technical details. ... The corresponding raw image presents all the defects and artifacts of the CCD and the telescope. ... These are the most basic steps; every image published should have received the following corrections. ... IfA Hale-Bopp page | ...