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... The choice of which type of electricity is called "positive" and which "negative" was made around 1750 by Ben Franklin, early American scientist and man of many talents (the stamp on the left commemorates his role as first US postmaster--and colonial postmaster before that). ... Franklin knew of two types of electric charge, depending on the material one rubbed. ... Later, when electric batteries were discovered, scientists naturally assigned the direction of the flow of current to be from (+) to (-...

... The choice of which type of electricity is called "positive" and which "negative" was made around 1750 by Ben Franklin, early American scientist and man of many talents (the stamp on the left commemorates his role as first US postmaster--and colonial postmaster before that). ... Franklin knew of two types of electric charge, depending on the material one rubbed. ... Later, when electric batteries were discovered, scientists naturally assigned the direction of the flow of current to be from (+) to (-...

... The star formation rate (SFR) of the current SF episode can be estimated from the total H luminosity. ... For the derived total flux F (H )=5.8 erg s -1 cm -2 we obtain a total H luminosity of 10 39 erg s -1 . ... The total mass of ionized gas can be obtained from the average mass density inside the H II region and its volume. An average mass density corresponding to the average electron density of 1 cm -3 within a volume with a diameter of 0.5 kpc yields a total ionized gas mass of 10 6 . ...

... As of October 1, 2009, the global rate for the STIS NUV-MAMA dark current has still been occasionally reaching values as high as 13500 counts/s. This high dark current will force use of a signficantly smaller buffer time than would be otherwise needed, and in many cases may push the count rate high enough to make time-tag observations impractical. ... However, we instead found for the NUV MAMA detector an initial global dark rate of between 9000 and 18000 counts/s (a mean of 0.013 counts/s/pixel). ...

Next: Modes of Operation Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Field of View . Thermal excitation of charge carriers from the valence to the conduction band creates a dark current signal which may vary with position in the array, and also has temporal shot noise variation. ... In a device devoid of localized defects which give rise to individual dark current spikes , most dark current arises from electrons generated at interface states at the surface. ...

... Astrophysics Group . ... COAST . COAST Current Status . ... COAST File Archive . ... Fringes and Power Spectra from COAST . ... The first stellar fringes were obtained in June 1991. ... We obtained sufficient data to reconstruct the first infrared image from an aperture synthesis array. ... The North telescope of the COAST array was moved to a new foundation, further to the North, making the longest baseline 67 metres. ... A fifth telescope was sited on the Southwest arm of the COAST array. ...