All stars derive their energy through the thermonuclear fusion of light elements in to heavy elements. High temperatures are required so that the mutual electrostatic repulsion of the protons in each fusing atomic nucleus is overcome. ... Elements with more protons in their nuclei require higher temperatures. ... This sequence is now shown in the animation below. ... First Step of the Proton-Proton Chain Narration . Second Step of the Proton-Proton Chain Narration . ...

... Bad Astronomy . ... Mad Science . ... Keep Bad Astronomy close to your heart, and help make me filthy rich. ... How does the sun produce energy to burn? If we can duplicate this way of producing energy, can we have enough energy to last a long time? ... The Sun produces energy the same way a hydrogen bomb does! ... This is also the way a hydrogen bomb works, except that a bomb does its conversion of hydrogen to helium all at once, while the Sun does it nice and steadily over billions of years. ...

Bigbang Forum Message . Forums: . ... The Sun Energy Source Is Not Nuclear Fusion But Magnetic Fields. ... The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. ... www.astronomy.net . About Astronomy Net | Advertise on Astronomy Net | ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

An Ancient Universe: How Astronomers Know the Vast Scale of Cosmic Time . ... b) The Age of the Oldest Stars . The Sun The Sun and other stars shine by converting superheated hydrogen in their centers into helium in a process called thermonuclear fusion. ... In this way, we can measure the ages of certain stars. ... The Ancient Universe - The Age of the Expanding Universe - The Age of the Oldest Stars - The Age of Light From Distant Galaxies - The Age of the Chemical Elements | ...

... Speed of motion is " kinetic energy ", like the energy of a turning flywheel or of the wind hitting a windmill, both of which can move machinery. ... As the hot gas of the corona--a plasma, really--expands upwards, its heat is converted to the kinetic energy of a fast outwards-moving flow: the solar wind . Four or five days after leaving the Sun, solar wind plasma hits the magnetosphere, an obstacle in its path. ... How is solar wind energy transmitted to the magnetosphere? ... The Sun . ...

The Sun is our nearest star at a distance about eight light minutes. ... The Sun was born about five billion years ago and will continue to shine for another five billion years before it will turn into a red giant. Its energy is created in a fusion reaction of hydrogen atoms into helium. An overview of the Sun's parts. ... The Sun converts 600 million tons of hydrogen into 596 million tons of helium every second .. the rest goes into energy. ...

... The Sun is powered by nuclear fusion: hydrogen `burns' to form helium, releasing energy . ... At an age of ~10 billion years (slightly over twice its present age), the Sun will exhaust the fuel available in its core. ... Pressure overwhelms gravity, and over a period of a few hundred thousand years, the Sun evolves into a `red giant' . ... Red giants have lifetimes of less than 100 million years. The temperature in the red giant core increases to 100 million degrees . ... The Ring Nebula . ...

... Belts . ... Speed of motion is " kinetic energy ", like the energy of a turning flywheel or of the wind hitting a windmill, both of which can move machinery. ... As the hot gas of the corona--a plasma, really--expands upwards, its heat is converted to the kinetic energy of a fast flow, streaming outwards: the solar wind . Four or five days after leaving the Sun, solar wind plasma hits the magnetosphere, an obstacle in its path. ... How is solar wind energy transmitted to the magnetosphere? ...

Supernovae are simply stars which explode. ... To understand supernovae, we need to understand stars. ... In this stage our Sun will swell up hundreds of times its current size, swallowing the Earth, and glowing hundreds of times brighter than it is now. ... Stars more than 10 times the mass of our sun have much more exciting lives. ... A Type II supernova to be precise. ... Since 1995 two teams have been discovering these objects: Our team, the High-Z SN Search, and the Supernova Cosmology Project. ...

LP 944-20: A Failed Star Flares . ... NASA Explanation: The tiny spot circled on the right actually represents a big astronomical discovery -- the first detected flare from a failed star. Failed stars, termed brown dwarfs in astronomers' parlance , are too low in mass to ignite nuclear hydrogen burning in their cores, yet still shine feebly as the energy from their gravitational collapse is converted to heat and light. ... How did a failed star produced such a high-energy flare ? ...

... А.М. Белобородов (Колумбийский университет, США) . ... Рабочий язык конференции - русский. ... Е.М.Чуразов, д.ф .- м.н . А.А. Вихлинин, проф. д.ф .- м.н . М.Р.Гильфанов, д.ф .- м.н . М.Н.Павлинский, д.ф .- м.н . М.Г.Ревнивцев, д.ф .- м.н . С.Ю.Сазонов. д.ф .- м.н . М.Н.Павлинский (председатель), к.ф .- м.н . А.В.Мещеряков (зам. председателя), Н.Л.Александрович, к.ф .- м.н . В.А.Арефьев, к.ф .- м.н . Р.А.Буренин, П.Болдин, Н.П.Васильева, к.ф .- м.н . А.А.Воеводкин, В.Воробьев, А.Е.Елкин, ...

... Archives . ... One of the biggest culprits is the unit of energy, [keV], which is 1000 electron Volts, for the energy acquired by an electron when it falls through an electric potential of 1 Volt: . ... Then, a temperature in degrees Kelvin can be written in units of keV by converting it with the formula . ... It is tempting to put the two together and interpret a temperature as a photon energy. ... For example, a 1 keV (temperature) Bremsstrahlung spectrum extends out to 1 keV (photon energy). ...

energy levels(1-4,7-9,15,23): Sugar Corliss, 1985, J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data, 14, Suppl.2 %energy levels(18-20,22,24-26): Sugar, Kaufman Rowan, 1992, J.Opt.Soc.America B %energy levels(5,12,13): Kelly, 1987, J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data, 16, Suppl.1 %theoretical energy levels: Mason (unpublished) %comment: The third set of energies were deduced from the radiative data obtained by "superstructure". ... The gf values given above were obtained by running a 4 configuration model on `superstructure'. ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 April 4 . Distant Supernova, Dark Energy . ... NASA . Explanation: A pinpoint of light from a star that exploded over 10 billion light-years away is centered in the panel at the lower right, a cosmic snapshot of the most distant supernova . ... About APOD | ... NASA Technical Rep.: ... A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC . ...

... While there is practically no detector noise present at energies above , X-ray data below are considerably contaminated by noise events, which become more and more dominant towards the lowest transmitted energies (Fig. ... Investigations of 40 hours of in-orbit calibration data with the filter wheel closed, taken over a period of more than two years, showed that the noise properties vary with position and energy, but are fairly stable in time for most areas on the detector. ...

... A radio galaxy is a galaxy that emits an unusually big amount of energy at radio wavelengths. ... Inside of each galaxy with an active nucleus (radio galaxies are among them) there must be a system of a "central machine" responsible for the colossal amount of the emitted energy from radio to gamma ranges. ... Sometimes a radio source in an active galaxy may flare again if the needed conditions appear (a new portion of matter would fall into the furnace of the "central machine"). ...

... Star Atlas . ... stars . ... Nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium powers stars, but fusion requires a lot of energy. Where does this energy come from? ... You re in good company: This question also stumped the physicists who first tried to understand nuclear fusion in stars. In a star s core, all atomic nuclei have been separated from their electrons, so each hydrogen atom is really just a proton and thus holds a positive charge. ... Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

... On average, photons of energy may take about 40 000 years to travel from the centre of the Sun to its surface, that is equivalent to about 2cm per hour which is much, much slower than a snail's pace. ... As a by-product, the fusion reactions in the Sun's core also generate a multitude of particles called neutrinos. ... Meanwhile the neutrinos created in the core leave the photons standing as they zip through the Sun's outer layers in just over a couple of seconds and escape into space. ...

To pass several arguments from the command line to the shell: cat first_5args # This script echoes the first five arguments # supplied to the script echo The first five command line echo arguments are $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 first_5args mines a pint john o.k. The first five command line arguments are mines a pint john o.k. This passes the arguments represented by parameters $1 through $5 to the shell script. ... This processes the three files given as arguments to the command printps . ...