... Better known as M106, bright spiral galaxy NGC 4258 is about 30 thousand light years across and 21 million light years away toward the northern constellation Canes Venatici. ... Saturn from Below . ... Aurora Over Alaska . ... Aurora rarely reach below 60 kilometers, and can range up to 1000 kilometers. ... Asteroid and Galaxy . ... Apollo class asteroid 2006 VV2 flashed past planet Earth in late March, approaching to within 3.4 million kilometers or about 8.8 times the Earth-Moon distance. ...

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... 2005 Some important issues Europa moves relative to magnetospheric magnetic field with velocity ~ 105 km/sec (subsonic velocity ) Europa has induced magnetosphere and Alfven wings Europa has atmosphere (51014 cm-2) and ionosphere (~103 ­ 104 cm-3) Energetic particles hit Europa's surface that leads to sputtering rate of ~31027 molecules/sec Europa is an important source of neutrals particles (50kg of 2) and ionized ...

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• Distance to the Horizon
• PhSRM
• Estimating the Moon's Distance

... Tonight's Sky . ... SET т?? ... News . ... solar system . ... Astronomy for Kids . ... Year of Pluto . ... New Horizons sets its sights on Pluto flyby . ... The mission not only is going to new horizons at the solar system s frontier, but it also is opening new horizons for how to do outer planet exploration less expensively. 2 of 4 . ... New findings from New Horizons shape understanding of Pluto and its moons . ... Only registered members of Astronomy.com are allowed to comment on this article. ...

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• To Pluto and beyond | Astronomy.com

New images of M31 at 24, 70, and 160 ЮМm taken with the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) reveal the morphology of the dust in this galaxy. This morphology is well represented by a composite of two logarithmic spiral arms and a circular ring (radius ~10 kpc) of star formation offset from the nucleus. ... The lack of well-defined spiral arms and the prominence of the nearly circular ring suggest that M31 has been distorted by interactions with its satellite galaxies. ...

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• HST this week: 196
• KPNO Infrared JHK composite image of the Hubble Deep Field
• HST this week: 040

... What is the distance D to the horizon? ... Your line of sight to the horizon is a tangent to the Earth--a line which touches the sphere of the Earth at just one point, marked B in the drawing here. ... D = SQRT(2Rh) . ... SQRT(2Rh) = (SQRT(2R))(SQRT(h)) . ... Using R = 6371 km, SQRT(2R) = 112.88, giving . ... From the top of Mauna Kea on Hawaii, an extinct volcano about 4 km high (also the site of important astronomical observatories), the horizon should be about twice as distant, 226 km. ...

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• Synchronous Orbit
• Jupiter's Moon Europa
• Kuiper-Oort

... October 25, 1999 . Neptune in Infrared . Credit: Don Banfield ( Cornell ), JPL , NASA ; Copyright: Cornell U. Explanation: Neptune has never looked so clear in infrared light. Neptune is the eighth most distant planet from the Sun, thirty times the Earth-Sun distance. Neptune is the fourth largest planet, almost four times Earth's diameter. ... A fascinating feature of the above photograph is that it was taken far from distant Neptune , through the Earth's normally blurry atmosphere. ...

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• Kuiper-Oort
• APOD: March 25, 1998 - Planetary Nebula NGC 7027 in Infrared
• APOD: 2007 February 27 - Atmospheres Detected on Two Extrasolar Planets

Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... A most promising problem is to investigate the interaction of two VHF powerful radiowave beams in the ionosphere, whose difference frequency is equal to the plasma frequency in some ionospheric area (that is, the difference frequency is taken in the range 1-8 MHz). ... Two-frequency interaction effects are based on radiowave non-linear mixing, which is rather complicated when describing and modelling the experiment. ...

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• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. SW radiosignal
• "East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research". Composition.
• East Siberian Center for the Earth's Ionosphere Research. Back-scattering

... galaxies: bulges galaxies: clusters: general galaxies: clusters: individual: . ... star formation statistics stellar content structure Cosmology ( cosmology :) cosmic background radiation ( cosmology :) cosmological parameters cosmology : miscellaneous cosmology : observations cosmology : theory ( cosmology :) dark ages, reionization, first stars ( cosmology :) dark energy ( cosmology :) dark matter ( cosmology :) diffuse radiation ( cosmology :) distance scale ( cosmology :) early Universe (...

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• Metagalaxy sector, archive 2006

... 2) Correlate H velocity distribution distortions from Maxwellian as a function of H+ composition. ... 4) Determine exobase winds using measurements of the Doppler shifted, infrared, He emission. ... Instrument Setup 430 CH receiver 430 CH radar Atmospheric Optical Instruments: Tilt-Photometer Fabry-Perot Ionosonde Description of Observer Equipment: Infrared Fabry-Perot interferometer Special Equipment or setup: Experiment requires two Observatory Fabry-Perot interferometers, and two photometers. ...

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• http://www.naic.edu/aisr/worldday/world_day.html
• radar

... My thesis aims to understand the energetics and composition of the jet near its origin, and its interaction with the ICM , focusing on detailed models of the inner structure of a spectacular radio source Hydra A. The key features of my modelling are that 1) I identify the four bright knots in the northern jet of Hydra A as biconical reconfinement shocks, which result when an over-pressured jet starts to come into equilibrium whit the galactic ...

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• Escape velocity
• Atmospheres
• ASTR1001: Mountains and Atmospheres

... General information . ... Staff . Research staff . Technical, administrative & librarian staff . ... Research . ... Infrared astronomy . ... Solar physics . ... Library . ... Friends of Arcetri . ... Computing Science . ... Operating Systems and Languages . ... General Physics . ... Structure of the Matter, Atomic and Nuclear Physics :General interest texts . ... Plasma Physics : General interest texts . ... Astronomy : General interest texts . ... Physics of the Planetary System . ...

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• Mars Global Surveyor
• Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere On Jupiter's Moon Europa
• Saturn's Moon Titan

... ESO workshop on The Origins of Stars and Planets: The VLT View . ESO Astrophysics Symposia XXVII (2002) . ... As an example, we present K'-band bispectrum speckle interferometry images of the the deeply embedded young stellar object S140 IRS 1. ... We discuss the implications for the nature of the central source. bloecker@mpifr-bonn.mpg.de. ... Back to Group Home Page ...

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• Publications
• Determination of atmospheric parameters and calculation of chemical composition
• Main Researches Activities

... Shematovich, V.I . ... Shematovich, V. I. ; Bisikalo, D. V.; Marov , M. Ya . ... Shematovich, V.I., Bisikalo, D.V., and Gerard J.-C. Superthermal particles in the planetary atmosphere. ... Shematovich, V.I., Bisikalo, D.V., and Gerard, J.-C. The thermospheric odd nitrogen photochemistry : role of non-thermal N(4S) atoms (abstract) . ... Geophys ., ... Gerard, J.C., Shematovich, V.I., and Bisikalo, D.V. Effect of hot N( 4S) atoms on the NO solar cycle variation in the lower thermosphere (abstract) . ...

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• On current distance scales for open clusters

... I built a Master Catalogue of stars towards the Magellanic Clouds (MC2) based on multiwavelength cross-identifications of the DENIS , 2MASS , GSC-II and UCAC point source catalogues. ... See http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/MC2/ . ... Nous avons rИalisИ un "Master Catalogue of stars towards the Magellanic Clouds" (MC2) basИ sur l'identification croisИe multi-longueur d'onde des catalogues de sources ponctuelles DENIS , 2MASS , GSC-II et UCAC . ... Voir http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/MC2/ . ...

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• ESO - Observing conditions: definitions
• Radio and Near-Infrared Composite of W49A | ESO
• Infrared/visible crossfade of the Monoceros R2 star-forming region | ESO

. ___________________________________________________________________ The Electronic Universe Project e-mail: nuts@moo.uoregon.edu

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• Global Warming
• The Galaxy Gallery Page 6: Comparative Morphology
• Ozone Depletion

... The analysis shows, that asteroid ­ rubble pile loses its fast fragments in no time but the retaining fragments forms a compact structure immersed in dust ­ gas atmosphere, created by interaction of interplanetary medium with dispersed product of collisional evolution of asteroid. By interaction of an asteroid ­ rubble pile with interplanetary medium structures asteroid can increase its brightness on account of blowed up dust simulating phenomenon of distant comet's brightening. ...

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• http://selena.sai.msu.ru/San/Publications/ms34/MS047.pdf
• Aleksei A. Berezhnoi

Maria-Rosa Cioni - University of Edinburgh / University of Hertfordshire The Magellanic Clouds as a template for the study of stellar populations and galaxy interactions CSIRO (Australia), 16-17 July 2007 Introduction MW LMC ? ... A "biased" view of the MCs (highlights) Near-IR Upper RGB & AGB stars Number density - morphology & structure C/M ratio - metallicity (Fe/H] Ks mag - variation of mean age & metallicity Opt. ... O-rich AGB C-rich AGB RGB & others Cioni et al. ...

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• Unix Interaction
• Monte Carlo simulation of electromagnetic cascades in the extragalactic
• Sun - Earth Interactions

... Laboratory for atmosphere optics was found in 2000. The main directions of activity of the laboratory . ... The most actual and significant - research of chemical composition of a ground atmospheric slice in conditions of a large industrial center. ... Scientific and industrial optical instrument making. ... Dr. Mikhail G .Sosonkin, senior researcher - head of the laboratory . Yuri S. Ivanov - senior researcher . ... Laboratory for atmosphere optics МАО NANU . ... 380(44)5264539 . ...

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• Achievements - Page 4
• Optical systems and devices
• Dept. for Physics of Stars&Galaxies

PROTOCOL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON "WARNING" MISSION . ... According to the National Space Program of Ukraine on 1998-2002 the experimental space system WARNING has to be designed and launched in 2001. ... Composition of scientific payload is implemented in the international cooperation. ... Lviv Center of Space Research Institute (LC SRC), Ukraine. ... Space Research Institute NASU-NSAU (SRI), Kiev, UKRAINE; . ... Lviv Center of Space Research Institute (LC SRI), Lviv, UKRAINE; . ...

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• MISSION WARNING
• INFRARED FOURIER-SPECTROMETER SICH-F
• Extragalactic Astronomy