... Saturn s Ancient Rings . ... Credit Copyright: Cassini Imaging Team , SSI , JPL , ESA , NASA Explanation: How old are Saturn's rings? ... Inspection of images by the Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft indicates that some of Saturn's ring particles temporarily bunch and collide, effectively recycling ring particles by bringing fresh bright ices to the surface. Seen here , Saturn's rings were imaged in their true colors by the robotic Cassini in late October. ... Dione, Rings, Shadows, Saturn . ...

... 2007 December 17 . Saturn's Ancient Rings . Credit: Cassini Imaging Team , SSI , JPL , ESA , NASA . Explanation: How old are Saturn's rings? ... Inspection of images by the Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft indicates that some of Saturn's ring particles temporarily bunch and collide, effectively recycling ring particles by bringing fresh bright ices to the surface. ... APOD presents: Astronomy Pictures of the Year for 2007 . ... About APOD | ... A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC . ...

... These trajectories have an initial flight from the Earth to a large distance (of about 1.5 million km), the following passive flight to the Moon's orbit, an approach to the Moon with a decrease of an energy of a particle (spacecraft) selenocentric motion to a negative value and the temporary capture in an elliptic orbit of the Moon's satellite. ... Several trajectories of this type are determined. ... Ivashkin V. V. On optimal trajectories of space flight to the Moon in the Earth--Moon--Sun system. ...

Understanding Europa's Radiation Environment and How it Influences Landing Site Characterization G.W. Patterson, L.M. Prockter, C. Paranicas Applied Physics Laboratory Introduction · The surface of Europa is weathered by charged and neutral particles, micrometeroids, and photons. ... Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... 2004) Background · Criteria for characterizing potential landing sites [e.g., Figueredo et al., ... Figueredo et al., ...

Photon/Particle Counting Image Measurement System : PIAS-TI . The PIAS-TI is an extremely sensitive image measurement device developed for imaging and quantification in ultimate levels with an extremely small number of photons, electrons and charged particles. ... The PIAS-TI is a measuring system that makes use of the technology of the photon counter to detect the input positions of individual photons or particles, and accumulate them to create an image. ...

... In the western literature this method is now called ``coupled dipole method" (CDM). ... Thus, a system of equations relative to the fields scattered by the elementary domains can be obtained, and summation of these fields gives the total scattering field. ... A subtle difference between both methods is in the fact that in the first method one works with the fields which excite a dipole (without the field of the dipole), whereas in the second method one uses the real fields in a given domain. ...

... So far, there are no corrections for the particle background component that may be different in the source and background regions. ... These calibrations, which are critically required, should tell us about the most reliable way to estimate the particle component in a given region. ... The most straightforward way will be to decompose the background input spectrum as the sum of a ``sky'' component and a particle component computed in the background region. ...

Next: Other People's Software . ... Quality system management of computer workstations for astronomy can be achieved with relatively small manpower requirements, if the right cost-effective administrative design decisions are made. ... This is all done with essentially one system manager. ... The system is designed so that one doesn't depend on four or more hosts, (such as a software server, cpu server, data file server, font server, etc.) to get work done. ...

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... Smear particle position & Energy Cluster merging tool New! ... Make 1 cluster from 1 particle by Cluster Cheater New! ... Tracks at Root FastMC Maintained by R.Dubois FullMC TrkMult Nent = 100 TrkMult Nent = 100 Mean = 37.84 RMS = 12.93 Mean = 48.35 RMS = 15.37 10 14 8 12 10 6 8 4 6 4 2 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Charged Track multiplicity Tracks at Root FastMC 220 200 180 160 140 140 120 120 100 ...

... Magnetic Storms . ... Cosmic Rays . ... Energetic Particles . ... Solar fast Particles . We cannot observe the way the distant universe accelerates cosmic rays or produces energetic photons, but acceleration processes also occur on our Sun , though on a much more moderate scale. ... That is why such events are often missed by cosmic ray detectors near the equator, where the lowest energies are excluded by the Earth's magnetic field. ... Should we be concerned about solar energetic radiation? ...

... Primordial theory review : Dick Bond . Defects and the CMB review : Andy Albrecht . ... Gravitational wave contribution to CMB anisotropies : V.B. Lukash and E.V. Mikheeva . C_l from cosmic strings : Lloyd Knox . Some aspects of CMB anisotropies induced from topological defects : Mairi Sakellariadou . ... CMB anisotropies from scaling sources : Ruth Durrer . ... SZ observations I : Sarah Church . ... Holes in the microwave sky? ... Detecting cosmic strings in the CMB : James Robinson . ...

... For SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) analysis, a solid surface is bombarded by primary ions of some keV energy. ... The subsequent mass analysis of the emitted ions provides detailed information on the elemental and molecular composition of the surface. ... Extremely short ion pulses with a duration below . ... By rastering a fine-focussed ion beam over the surface, like an electron beam in an electron microprobe, mass resolved secondary ion images (chemical maps) can be obtained...

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Please enter the lightcurve file name and period search parameters: . Lightcurve file: . ... Apply the Heliocentric correction and convert all dates to Terrestrial Time (TT)? ... Also, the Heliocentric correction cannot be applied to such lightcurves. ... This period search service is also available at the mirror sites: Mirror 1 , Mirror 2 , Mirror 3 , Mirror 4 . You may download the latest source code distribution and install the period search service at your own web server. ...

University Satellites and . Space Science Education . ... It is necessary to select a topic interesting from scientific point of view and simple enough to allow students understand and participate in all stages of experiment from measurements via data analysis to physical inference. ... Solar modulation effects and physical characteristics and analysis of the major solar events are possible only by joining data from space-born and surface particle and radiation detectors. ...

ION AND ELECTRON ENERGY DETECTOR PAN-2 . ... The energy and angular distributions of charged particles can bring further information on the nature and spatial scales of magnetospheres processes. ... It permits the fast measurements of energy and angular parameters of charged particles in the range 40eV-40keV. ... The sensor unit is an electron electrostatic, axially symmetrical, toroidal analyzer. ... The energy range for both types of charged particles must stepped according to the logarithmic scale. ...

... The FOC suffers from various types of background, the most important of which are thermal electrons, Cerenkov radiation from high energy particles, geocoronal emission lines, zodiacal light, and light scattered within HST from the bright Earth or Moon. ... From on-orbit measurements using the f /96 camera, the former background has been found to vary with solar zenith distance (ZD); see Sections 6.4, 6.5, and 7.0 of the FOC Instrument Handbook , version 7.0, for more details. ...

Paths of the incident light and light scattered toward the observer for a single particle in an optically thin nebula. The scattering angle theta scat measures the amount by which the light the observer sees has been deflected from its incident path. ...

Mercury Summer 2011 Table of Contents . Plumes spray water ice out from many locations along the famed "tiger stripes" (fissures) near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Courtesy NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute. Evidence Indicates Icy Saturn Moon Hiding Salt . ... The plumes shooting water vapor and tiny grains of ice into space were originally discovered emanating from Enceladus by the Cassini spacecraft in 2005. ...