A full explanation of the motion of trapped particles would be too abstract and mathematical for this level, but some basic ideas may be described on an intuitive level. The magnetic force on a moving particle is always perpendicular to the motion, as well as to the magnetic field lines. That is why the basic pattern is motion in a circle, around a magnetic field line. ... The best-known periodic motion is the back-and-forth swing of a pendulum, say of a weight suspended by a string (drawing). ...

Green and Black Auroras Over Norway . ... Credit Copyright: Frank Andreassen (nettfoto.no) Explanation: What causes gaps between aurora curtains? These unusual gaps can make Research using data from four Cluster spacecraft orbiting the Earth has likely found the secret: auroral gaps, sometimes knows as black auroras , are actually anti-auroras. In normal auroras , electrons and/or predominantly negatively charged particles fall toward Earth along surfaces of constant magnetic field . ...

... Energy . ... The free ions and electrons in a plasma behave the same way. Knowing the temperature of the high atmosphere of Earth, or that of the Sun, we can calculate energies expected of ions and electrons found there. However, ions and electrons actually observed in space are often much, much more energetic, and may move at a respectable fraction of the velocity of light (300,000 km/sec or 186,000 miles/sec). ... Typical energy of an electron in the polar aurora. 40,000 ev . ... 50,000 ev . ...

... 2002 January 1 . The Secret of the Black Aurora . ... Explanation: What causes black aurora? These gaps in normal bright aurora are frequently recorded but rarely questioned. Recent research using data from four Cluster spacecraft orbiting the Earth has now likely found the secret: black auroras are actually anti-auroras. ... In black anti-auroras, however, negatively charged particles are sucked out from the Earth's ionosphere along adjoining magnetic field lines. ... About APOD | ...

Educator's Guide to Micrometeorites . ... They are actually small bits of rock and metal that collide with Earth's upper atmosphere and, because of friction, burn up. On rare occasions, man-made satellites and spacecraft parts fall into the atmosphere and burn up the same way. ... That is what is happening to the particles in the upper atmosphere. ... Most meteorites fall into Earth's oceans. ... There is an easy way to collect meteorites, but we must be satisfied with finding small metal ones. ...

... Units are separated by spaces, positive numbers denote powers, all units to the right of the slash are in the denominator (negative powers). Planck constant h . ... 6.0221367e23 particles/mol . ... Free electron gyromagnetic ratio gamma e . ... gamma p / (2 pi) = 42.576375 MHz/T . ... Gas constant R . ... The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty . CODATA Internationally recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants . ... Table of Fundamental Physical Constants (MIT) . ...

... Other Characteristics of the Sun: Variability of Rotation, Magnetism, Chemical Structure, Planetary System. ... Methods of Solar Magnetic Fields Measuring: Visual, Photografic, Photoelectric. ... Empiric Datas of Magnetic Fields in Photosphere, Chromosphere and Corona. ... Characteristics of Magnetic Field in Balanced Force Tubes by Potential and Forceless Field. ... Phenomenons in Active Region (Magnetic Field, Spots, Torches, Solar Prominences, Flares, Discharges. ... Magnetic Fields in Flares. ...

... Bad Astronomy . Misconceptions . ... Bad Astronomy : The sky is blue because it reflects light from the oceans. Good astronomy : The sky is blue because it is scattering blue light from the sun. ... So everywhere you look you see blue photons, except directly from the Sun, where you'll see all colors. ... The sky does not look blue near the horizon because more yellow photons (and even orange ones right at sunset) are coming from that direction as they get scattered away from the Sun. ...

SPACE WEATHER . The response of our space environment to the constantly changing Sun is known as space weather. ... Some of the most dramatic space weather effects occur in association with eruptions of material from the solar atmosphere into interplanetary space. ... Space weather disturbances are generally caused by solar storms. ... the Sun. ... Every object in the solar system experiences the equivalent of Earth's space weather, although its detailed characteristics differ from place to place. ...

... The Sun is the closest star to us, and a regular object in our Galaxy. Solar activity manifests itself, primarily, in solar flares - episodic explosive energy release in the form of electromagnetic radiation and high energy particles (electrons and protons). The nature of the flares is related to cyclic variations of global and local magnetic fields in the atmosphere of the Sun. ... Such formations are called active regions. ...

... Magnetic fields, subatomic particles, etc., traveling in different directions fill the universe. Do they deflect or otherwise affect one another? If so, isnт??t the information we get from them distorted? ... Neutrino astronomy, which is still in its infancy, is attractive because neutrinos interact so weakly with matter that few of these distorting effects occur. Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

... The first task assumes the searching for chemical composition and sizes of particles which give the wavelength dependence of the extinction efficiencies close to the observed dependence of . Figure 7: Wavelength dependence of the extinction efficiency factors for homogeneous spherical particles of different sizes consisting of astronomical silicate and amorphous carbon. The dashed segment shows the approximate wavelength dependence of the mean galactic extinction curve at optical wavelengths. ...

are denoted by the following symbols and may be taken to have the values below Elementary charge Speed of light in vacuum Planck constant Permeability of vacuum Permittivity of vacuum Unified atomic mass constant Rest mass of proton Rest mass of electron Boltzmann constant Avogadro constant Gravitational ... Write down the expression for the gravitational field, g, at distance r from a point mass of mass m, carefully defining all the terms in your expression. ...

... Special Reports Giant space cloud may be powered by black holes 17:57 23 April 2007 NewScientist.com news service David Shiga An enormous cloud of roiling plasma in space may be drawing its energy from black holes, new observations suggest. Such clouds might be sources for the mysterious particles that occasionally crash into Earth's atmosphere at ultra - high speed. ... But higher energy particles in the cloud may be able to escape, he says. ...

... In a solar prominence, charged particles stream up from the Sun, spiraling around magnetic field structures poking out of the solar surface, and ultimately fall back along those structures into the Sun. ... As evolution would predict, animals' eyes sense the colors of light emitted most strongly by the Sun. ... The tiny Moon can completely cover the disk of the Sun, blocking most of the emitted visible light, and reveal the Sun's faint outer atmosphere called the corona...a mass of incandescent gas ...

The above process keeps the # of protons and the # of neutrons in the early Universe constant. This is extremely important and will result in a testable prediction later. Remember, a free neutron (one that is not bound in an atomic nucleus) will decay into a proton + electron (+ anti-neutrino) in about 900 seconds. ... During this epoch, the proton-to-neutron ratio is 1.0 . ... The Universe consists of protons, neutrons and electrons plus a photon background and a neutrino background. ...

... part 1 | ... The Basic Stages in Earth's Pre-geological Development . ... After fragments of the Vortex sleeves separated, whirlwinds of second and third orders ("NC" - new micro-vortex) were generated- future planet cores and their satellites - all of them developing independently, governed by the common laws of development of cosmogenic vortexes. ... Our planet's core today is comprised of considerably deteriorated cosmogenic vortex; consequently, the Earth has a moderated magnetic field. ...

Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... One of the rarest but most interesting effects which can be observed with the Irkutsk IS radar is anomal high power signal registraion(coherent echo) due to strong magnetic storms. ... These signals are formed at E-layer heights in the presence of a strong electric field which causes particles to drift. ...

... The ancient chronical said about the colour rings around the Sun and the Moon, about three suns in the sky, light columns, bright lightning, different "comets" rushing to the Earth, moving among the stars or round the Earth with the sky. All these occurrences may be divided into three categories: one that occur in the near or far space, processes going on in the Earth atmosphere under the influence of cosmic factors and at last the occurrences connected with the Earth atmosphere. ... Rainbow . ...

Next: Field of View Up: CCD Scientific Performance Previous: Back Illumination . The CCD acts as a storage medium, and with frame times of the order seconds, there is no obvious method of employing prompt co-incidence rejection of charged particle events. ... In conventional CCDs, a m track length results in an equivalent energy deposition of 5 - 6 keV, and significant confusion with X-ray events arises. ... A trade-off between rejection efficiency and spectroscopic efficiency is required. ...