... This loss depends on several parameters, in particular on the position where the photon was detected, its energy, the temperature of the CCD, and the saturation of traps by charges preceding along the readout direction. ... For deriving the CTI, each CCD column was split into macro pixels, which were determined by adaptive binning to contain a sufficient number of first singles around the line feature. ...

... A closed surface (i.e. a compact surface without boundary) is homeomorphic to either a sphere with g handles (a connected sum of a sphere with g tori) or to a sphere with g M obius bands attached (a connected sum of a sphere with g copies of RP 2 ). A compact surface with boundary is homeomorphic to a closed surface with a nite number of disks deleted. ... Prove that on the sphere with g handles the maximal number of nonintersecting closed curves not dividing this surface is equal to g. IV.11. ...

... Assured of a reliable method of solving the normal equations, we now consider the equations of condition. The observed magnitude m of a star at M air masses with true instrumental magnitude is modelled as ([ 10 ], [ 28 ]) . ... The effective extinction coefficient depends on the effective spectral gradient [ 29 ] of the star, for which we use some color index, affected by half the atmospheric reddening ([ 26 ], [ 10 ]): . ... Thus, for the B band of UBV, we use the (U-V) color. ...

Stellar density and bar strength should affect the temperatures of the cool (T ~ 20-30 K) dust component in the inner regions of galaxies, which implies that the ratio of temperatures in the circumnuclear regions to the disk should depend on Hubble type. ... The strong radiation field in the high stellar density of a galactic bulge tends to heat the cool dust component to higher temperatures, at least in early-type spirals with relatively large bulges, especially when paired with a strong bar. ...

The seminar is supported by the grant of Federal Programm "Integration" . annotation of talk . Karnaukhov A.V. (ICB RAS) . Greenhouse catastrophe. ... An analysis of a casual-consecutive model of processes determining the greenhouse catastrophe development is presented. The whole geobiophysical system is considered, which includes atmosphere, hydrosphere, litosphere, biosphere, and noosphere. ... Some possible measures to low the rate of the greenhouse catastrophe are considered. ...

... A molecular cloud in the interstellar medium may be considered as spherical and of uniform density and fixed temperature as it undergoes expansion or contraction. Assume the opacity of material in the molecular cloud has a value . ... How will this affect cloud fragmentation? (e) In the stages of collapse of a gas cloud before it becomes optically thick, its temperature is determined by the balance between compressional heating and radiation of energy from the cloud. ...

Next: Antenna gain considerations and Up: Some theory Previous: Some theory . To provide correct flux density units for the visibilities, , from an interferometer, the measured correlation coefficient at the correlator ( ) needs to be scaled by a system temperature and a telescope sensitivity factor ( ). ... For a zenith opacity , observing at an elevation of , and if the atmosphere is approximated as having a uniform temperature , then the atmospheric contribution to system temperature is . ...

Gradients in the Temperature of CMBR M. MELEK Cairo University, Egypt. A nonconventional approach is developed to nd the primordial angular gradient in the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. It is found that it depends on the nowadays recent detected value of the angular gradient in the temperature of the CMBR, di erent rates of universe's expansion through its di erent phases and the cosmic time period of each phase. ... M.Melek, Astrophys. and Sp. ...

... stars . ... Could gas giants be considered stars that failed to ignite? ... The distinction between gas giant planets and brown dwarfs ("failed stars") is a vague one. ... It depends on what gas giant youт??re looking at and how you distinguish a т??planetт?? from a т??failed star.т?? A gas giant found in orbit around a star might be considered a planet like Jupiter around the Sun. An isolated gas giant is probably a failed star. ... Get instant access to subscriber content on Astronomy.com! ...

... The pg_trgm contrib module provides functions and index classes for determining the similarity of text based on trigram matching. ... A zero result indicates that the two words are completely dissimilar, and a result of one indicates that the two words are identical. real show_limit() Returns the current similarity threshold used by the '%' operator. ... Tsearch2 Integration Trigram matching is a very useful tool when used in conjunction with a text index created by the Tsearch2 contrib module. ...

... 8, ``Celestial Mechanics'', 2002 Investigation of stability of NEAs orbital resonance motions by numerical methods L. E. Bykova Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia The problem of orbital stability of resonance Near­Earth asteroids (NEAs) is considered. Most of NEAs have multiple close approaches to the inner ma­ jor planets. ... The technique of the investigation of NEAs orbital stability has been devel­ oped by author on the basis of the construction of possible motion domains (R) of asteroids. ...

THE TEMPERATURE OF NONSPHERICAL CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST GRAINS N.V.Voshchinnikov and D.A.Semenov Astronomy Department and Sobolev Astronomical Institute, St.Petersburg University, St.Petersburg, 198504 Russia ABSTRACT The temperature of prolate and oblate spheroidal dust grains in the envelopes of stars of various spectral types are calculated. ... The temperature ratio T_d (spheroid)/ T_d (sphere) depends most strongly on the grain chemical composition and shape. ...

... Supplemental Multimedia Essential multimedia files are peer-reviewed and are considered to be necessary to an article to support the science presented in the article. ... In general, AVI files are not acceptable at this time as Essential Archival Multimedia files, although they may be submitted as supplemental files. ... At the current time, AVI video files that do not pass the archival format test when submitted are not considered to be acceptable for Essential Multimedia. ...

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... To determine a lower limit to the sensitivity of current observations to measurements of NS surface temperatures, we have used data from the Einstein Slew Survey (Elvis et al. 1990) to establish temperature limits for 275 pulsars which received nonzero exposure during the survey. ... Filled squares correspond to pulsars actually detected in the survey data; the smaller symbols correspond to upper limits to the count rates. ... Click here for plot of x-ray data vs. cooling curves. ...

... Line radiative transfer in C 18 O, HCO + , and CS lines is considered in a spherically symmetric chemo-dynamical model of a starless core, evolution of which is driven by the ambipolar diffusion. Theoretical line profiles are compared to observational data on the well-known L1544 core, which is one of possible candidates for collapsing protostellar clouds. ... Comparison between modelled and observed spectra suggests that L1544 has flattened structure and is observed at some inclination. ...

... 6.02.2002 . ... Credit: A. Kashlinsky ( SSAI ) S. Odenwald ( Raytheon ), 2MASS , NSF , NASA Explanation: What cosmic wallpaper is on the sky? ... Recently, however, the background in near infrared light was imaged at high resolution by the 2MASS telescope , and confirmed earlier estimates that it is over twice as bright as originally expected. ... Visible is light emitted from the very first stars and galaxies in the universe , emitted when the universe was less than half its current age. ...

... Space flight . ... Space Hotel . ... The program of deployment of small orbital station (SOS) consisting of a family of spacecrafts and module-spacecrafts represents a consecutive realization of flight scenarios with consecutive building up of functions. ... Scenario 1 - the regular and revised spacecrafts of class "Soyuz" - TMSC and MNMSC (MNMSC-cargo, MNMSC-MR) are used, pls. see fig fig.8 . ... The terms of transition to this scenario are determined by terms of readiness of one or another module....

... One of the most obvious features of the plasma state is the rich variety of wave motions which plasmas can support. ... Some important wave parameters in general are: . ... The way the dispersion relation is calculated depends on the adopted plasma theory , which also determines the available wave modes. ... the more complicated the medium is, the more wave modes it support (we cannot have, e.g., ion plasma waves if ion motion is neglected in the first place, no matter how hot plasma is considered!)...