... The magnetic field of the Earth has been investigated by satellites for several decades now, and enough of it is known to model its average strength and shape during different levels of overall magnetic activity. Presently the most used empirical global magnetic field models are the Tsyganenko models (1987, 1989) , referred to as T87 and T89, respectively, although even these consist of several submodels. ... Earth's magnetic field from T89c model during Kp=2 for different seasons. ... Res. ...

We characterize the dust in NGC 628 and NGC 6946, two nearby spiral galaxies in the KINGFISH sample. With data from 3.6 ЮМm to 500 ЮМm, dust models are strongly constrained. ... The dust models successfully reproduce the observed global and resolved spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The overall dust/H mass ratio is estimated to be 0.0082 ТБ 0.0017 for NGC 628, and 0.0063 ТБ 0.0009 for NGC 6946, consistent with what is expected for galaxies of near-solar metallicity. ...

ASC-FITS-2.0.1: ASC FITS File Designers' Guide (Rots and McDowell) (1999 Jun) . ASC-FITS-REGION-1.0: FITS region document (McDowell and Rots) (1998 Mar) . ... CXC-DM-001 Introduction: Data Analysis with the Chandra Data Model (2001 Oct) . ... 1998 Feb 26: SDS-1.0: Data Product List: obsolete . ... 1998 Mar 09: SDS-10.0: (ASC-FITS-REGION-1.0) FITS region document: see ASC-FITS-REGION-1.0 . 1998 Feb 09: SDS-11.0: FITS function document (superseded by ASC-FITS-FUNCTION-1.2) . ...

Next: C.S. Jeffery Up: J.G. Doyle Previous: Magnetic Reconnection Contents . We present, for the first time, blinker phenomena associated with brightenings in pre-existing coronal loops registered by the EIT in Fe XII 195?. ... We suggest that the blinker activity we observe is triggered by interchange reconnection, serving to provide topological connectivity between newly emerging flux and pre-existing flux. ...

Next: Information on planets Up: Practical loading and calibration Previous: Bandpass and antenna gain . The best task to correct the flux scale of an observation is mfboot - mfboot performs an analagous function to gpboot . ... It works by scaling the antenna gain table so that the flux density scale of the observed data agrees with some model. ... Task mfboot can also be used when bootstrapping from a point source. ... MFBOOT . ... Select flux density calibrator. ...

... Abstract: We present Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations for spiral galaxies modelled as a stellar disk and a two-phase clumpy dust distribution. ... As a general result, clumpy models are less opaque than the corresponding homogeneous models. ... 0.00 0.15 0.50 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 0.25 X . ... We have also produced several homogeneous models, to compare to the clumpy models. ... Homogeneous and clumpy models with the same tauV have the same dust mass. ...

Next: INTRODUCTION . ... This article presents the Quality Control system of the Very Large Telescope. ... After a presentation of the QC levels and their implementation for the VLT, the paper discusses the usage of instrument models. ... On the other hand the observatory can control the instrumental configuration, test data analysis procedures, and provide calibration solutions with the help of instrument models. ... Quality Control . ... Instrument models for calibration and quality control . ...

The Steady State model of the Universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gold and by Hoyle. ... At the time the Steady State model was proposed, the Big Bang model was in trouble because the value of the Hubble constant was clearly bigger than the inverse of the age of the Universe. ... Thus the Steady State model has flat spatial sections like the critical density Big Bang model. ... The Steady State model has no adjustable parameters to correct for this error, but the Big Bang does. ...

... Frequency of wobble same as frequency of forcing mechanism (t) + i 2 (t) · Helmholtz Centre Potsdam ­ GFZ · Consistent estimates of AAM , OAM , HAM computed at GFZ · AAM computed from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts · OAM computed from Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides (OMCT) · HAM computed from Land-Surface Discharge Model (LSDM) · Ocean and hydrology Sensitivity to Excitation Model GFZ ECMWF AAM OMCT OAM LSDM HAM 1962­2010 1971­2010 1981­2010 1991­2010 2001­2010! ...

The Earth's magnetosphere global structure is conditioned by the interaction of the Solar wind and Earth's magnetic field. ... Solar wind (SW) - the region outside BS; . ... Auroral field lines (AUR) region - the funnel-shape cavity restricted by the geocentric distance of the order of 6 RE, between surfaces formed by magnetic field lines emerged from the polar and equatorial OVAL borders; . ... Fairfield D.H., Average and unusual location of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock, J. Geophys. ...

... Towards a Truly Unified Model of AGN . ... The Unified Model holds that the aspect-dependent effects primarily determine the nature of the active galactic nucleus that we observe. ... The full postscript file can be obtained here: . The PASA Latex file can be obtained here: . The postscript file of Fig 1 can be obtained here: . ...

... The resulting spectra were analyzed with a kinematic Monte Carlo model which allows estimation of the OH production rate, neutral gas outflow velocity, and distribution of the out-gassing from the nucleus. ... The best-fit model spectrum is shown together with the observed line. ... Both models are scaled to match the average off spectrum. When the same scaling is applied to the nucleus-centered model spectra, shown on the right, it is clear that only the quenched model matches the observations. ...

Next: The ESO VLT CCD Detectors Software . ... Up: Instrument-Specific Software . ... The framework for data calibration and analysis of the VLT instrumentation is presented, based on the concepts of a calibration plan, pipeline calibration, quality control, and archiving of calibrated data for a ground-based observatory. ... Quality Control Pipeline provides quality assessment for instrument performance data and observing conditions, and tests the results of the Reduction Pipeline. ...

Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... Although their determination is based on the scattering process model, independent check-ups by rocket experiments have shown their correctness in experimental applications. ... Ionospheric data analysis, especially during strong disturbances, cannot be without some other kinds of diagnostic tools. ... The lack of data has always been a challange in this case. ...

XMM-Newton CCF Release Note XMM- CCF -REL-176 RGS QUANTUMEF Shortest-Wavelength Correction Factors A.M.T. Pollock July 27, 2004 1 CCF components Name of CCF VALDATE List of Blocks changed XSCS ag RGS1 QUANTUMEF 0013 1998-01-01T00:00:00 RGA EFFAREACORR NO SI1 SI2 SI3 SI4 SI7 RGS2 QUANTUMEF 0014 1998-01-01T00:00:00 RGA EFFAREACORR NO SI1 SI2 SI3 SI4 SI5 SI7 2 Changes Near the short-wavelength end of the RGS bandpass, the instrument ... The best- t power-law indices, , are shown. ...

... Meade Instruments Corporation . ... Refracting telescopes (Meade Models NG-60, NGC-60, DS-2070AT, ETX-70AT, LXD55-AR5, LX55-AR6 ) and mirror-lens telescopes ( ETX-90AT, 105AT, 125AT, LXD55-SC8, 8LX90, LX200 GPS Series ) are generally more versatile in a wide array of land and astronomical applications. ... The intermediate-level observer, or the non-casual telescope user who wishes to purchase one telescope for a lifetime, should consider a Meade Model LXD55 series, 8LX90, or LX200GPS. ... Meade 4M ...

... Lightcurves of two satellites of Saturn, namely Hyperion (S7) and Phoebe (S9), were modeled using algorithms and programs developed for calculat­ ing the rotational dynamics and constructing theoretical lightcurves of planetary satellites. ... The problem of fitting an observed lightcurve with the model one is solved by varying the initial data and values of the parameters of the problem. ... The value of the MLCE calculated for the deduced initial data and values of the parameters is close to zero....

... The most powerful and widely used methods to calculate the scattering matrix of a fractal cluster are based on the coupled dipoles methods (e.g. the Discrete Dipole Approximation, DDA) and the theory of light scattering by a cluster of spherical particles [2-4]. ... At present the procedure of calculation of the scattering matrix is well developed for both an oriented cluster of spherical particles and for chaotically oriented clusters of such particles [4]. ...

... Our results shown the importance of the ratio for the emmissivity of and the role of molecular oxygen in the thermal balance. has not yet been detected in interstellar clouds but we obtained the first tentative detection of . ... Modelling the chemistry and the rotational excitation of oxygen . ... The steady state model . ... Figure 1: The steady state model of interstellar clouds . ... Figure 3: The 368 GHz line of in dense clouds: a) for different values of , b) for different values of the ratio ...

... 2.3 Establishing the Extragalactic Distance Scale . ... 2.3.2 The Second Rung: Distances to stellar clusters . ... 2.3.4 Distances to Local Group Galaxies . ... The Luminosity Function of Planetary Nebulae . ... 3.2.2 Clusters of Galaxies . ... 4.2 Evidence for Dark Matter as a Function of Scale Size . ... 4.3 Other Dark Matter Indicators for Galaxies . ... What is the nature of the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe as traced by the three-dimensional galaxy distribution? ...