Giant stars are rare because . ... In a color-magnitude diagram of a star cluster, the blue end of the main sequence is useful for defining the age of the cluster because . a) blue stars are not affected by extinction and reddening by dust. b) stars just slightly brighter and redder are just now evolving off the main sequence to become giants. c) older, metal-poor stars are blue. d) the hottest stars are the oldest stars in a cluster. ... 2) Some idea. 3) Good idea. ...

The silicates that produce the 10 and 18 micron features appear to be broadly similar to terrestrial minerals such as Forsterite and Enstatite. ... Where pre-solar silicate dust grains can be isolated from meteorite material, these also tend to be Mg-rich silicates rather than Fe-rich silicates. ... It has been suggested that the interstellar silicate grains have a different 10 micron feature profile than what is observed for the silicates around evolved stars. ...

... It lists the coefficients defining the colour transformations, the zero points for the different filters and the aperture radii used in the photometric calibration analysis. ... The AB system zero point of the filter FilterID is stored in the keyword ABM0 FilterID , e.g. the AB zero point of the the U-filter is stored in ABM0U. The flux conversion factor derived from White Dwarfs of the filter FilterID is stored in the keyword FCF FilterID . ... description . ... AB Flux conversion factor of U . ...

... Files . ... File List . ... casa . BasicMath . ... include < casa/BasicMath/Math.h > . ... Go to the source code of this file. struct . casa::Plus< L, R, RES > . Functor to add variables of possible different types. ... casa::Minus< L, R, RES > . ... casa::Multiplies< L, R, RES > . ... casa::Divides< L, R, RES > . ... casa::Modulo< L, R, RES > . ... Functor to apply sin. ... Functor to apply round (e.g. More... struct . ... Generated on Fri Sep 3 2010 13:07:39 for casacore by 1.7.1 ...

... SGML . The text/html content type . In this section, we begin the specification of HTML 4.0, starting with the contract between authors, documents, users, and user agents. ... These recommendations are not normative and conformance with this specification does not depend on their realization. ... An HTML document is an SGML document that meets the constraints of this specification. ... A user is a person who interacts with a user agent to view, hear, or otherwise use a rendered HTML document. ...

HTML is an application conforming to International Standard ISO 8879 -- Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). ... Every SGML document has three parts: . SGML declaration . ... For example, the SGML declaration in the HTML DTD specifies that the string that opens an end tag is </ and the maximum length of a name is 72 characters. ... Most HTML elements are identified in a document as a start tag, which gives the element name and attributes, followed by the content, followed by the end tag. ...

... Figure: A dark current CCD exposure with cosmic ray events which are removed with non--linear filters. ... Figure shows a CCD dark current exposure with cosmic ray events. ... Figure: Removal of cosmic ray events on a CCD spectral exposure with different techniques: (A) original, (B) median filter, (C) recursive filter and (D) stack comparison. ... For comparison with non--linear filter techniques, Figure D shows removal of cosmic ray events from the spectral frame discussed above. ...

... Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4 . Apache > HTTP Server > Documentation > Version 2.4 > Miscellaneous Documentation . ... This page documents all the relevant standards that the Apache HTTP Server follows, along with brief descriptions. ... http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata.php - RFC Errata . ... This document summarizes the history of HTML development, and defines the "text/html" MIME type by pointing to the relevant W3C recommendations. ... HTML documents are SGML documents. ...

OptInt PmWiki : Pm Wiki / Custom Wiki Styles . ... This page describes the predefined Wiki Styles and how a Wiki Administrator can define additional Wiki Styles as a local customization for all pages (in local/config.php) or specific groups (in local/$Group.php). All predefined Wiki Styles are setup in the global array $WikiStyle . To define your own Wiki Styles , add the setting of the correspondent WikiStyle within the array. ... text colors: . ... WikiStyle['decimal']['apply'] = 'list'; . ...

... self-absorption - the absorption of light shining on an object by a process similar to that which produced the light originally; if a cloud emits less light than it absorbs from other clouds behind it, this net loss of light, termed self-absorption , causes the foreground cloud to appear darker than the background field (the term is from spectroscopy, where small absorption dips sometimes occur in larger emission lines, making the latter look as if it is absorbing part of itself) . ... HISA Main ...

As in the last years, the Ephemerides of Minor Planets for 2015 are prepared by the IAA RAS only in the electronic form. ... Orbital elements of all numbered planets have been determined in IAA all over again on the ground of available observations in the catalog of the Minor Planet Center. ... More detailed information on orbital elements used in the present volume of EMP and their accuracy is given in section "Information on new orbital elements". ... a) information on new orbital elements; . ...

Q: Are the magnitudes in the ETCs AB or Vega magnitudes? ... Q: How is the signal to noise defined? A: In optical and infrared imaging, the applications display a signal to noise over the PSF area, which is computed in a circle of radius seeing/plate_scale. ... In optical imaging only, a second signal to noise is computed which is the signal to noise at the central pixel. ... A: The template spectra stored in the database are measured or simulated spectra covering different wavelength range. ...

Definitions of Magnitudes and Surface Brightness 1 The magnitude system 1.1 Apparent magnitude Astronomers are stuck with the antiquated old system of magnitudes and so a clear explanation of what this system is and how it relates to more sensible units is important. ... 1.2 Absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude is a logarithmic luminosity scale. ... One usually goes by the round about process of referring to the absolute magnitude of the sun. ... Magnitudes and surface brightness 6/6 ...

... Single and Multi-dimensional Arrays . Strings . ... BEWARE: In C Array subscripts start at 0 and end one less than the array size. ... In C Strings are defined as arrays of characters. ... char name[50]; C has no string handling facilities built in and so the following are all illegal : . ... In order to allow variable length strings the 0 character is used to indicate the end of a string. ... Write a C program to read through an array of any type. ...

A. Singh Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Chennai, India anupamk18@gmail.com Real elements in algebraic groups Let G be an algebraic group defined over a field k . ... Let G be a connected semisimple algebraic group of adjoint type defined over a perfect field k . ... It follows that if G is connected semisimple of adjoint type, with -1 in its Weyl group, then every semisimple element in G(k ) is strongly real in G(k ). This also shows that any regular element in such a group is real. ...

... 2012 August 21 . DNA: The Molecule that Defines You . ... This molecule, called DNA , spans about two meters stretched out but is coiled into every cell in your body. The many copies of DNA that compose you were all copied from one single cell, and your body is continually making new copies. ... No one knows if DNA-like molecules will also define life that originates outside of Earth. ... About APOD | ... NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply . ...

Armed with these assumptions, observations, and laws, cosmologists try to build a theory of the development, or evolution, of the universe. ... Over the past 70 years, they have constructed and tested a theory that seems to explain the major properties of the universe: the Big Bang theory. ... This is an important point: The Big Bang theory allows for many different scenarios of the detailed evolution and composition of the universe. ... Because of a theory called nucleosynthesis. ...

What follows is a brief list of benchmarks and discoveries that shaped our ideas on atoms and nuclei. ... Discovery of electrons . ... Comparing this to Faraday's results, one could get " Avogadro's number ", the number of (say) hydrogen atoms in one gram of hydrogen--an enormously large number. ... Similarly, energized atoms are only allowed to exist in one of a number of energy levels. ... By the way, Avogadro's number is 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.02 10 23 ) molecules in 1 gr hydrogen. ...

Next: ISO-SWS Data Analysis . Up: Data Analysis Applications . ... The ISDC Data Access Layer (DAL) is an ANSI C and FORTRAN90 compatible library under development in support of the ESA INTEGRAL mission data analysis software. ... Thus, the INTEGRAL data analysis system must be capable of supporting distributed data sets composed of many individual files and exhibiting one to many and many to many associations between the individual data structure elements. ...

In this gallery are many images of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies which have recently been discovered and analyzed. ... The central surface brightness of this galaxy is 24.28 . Malin 2 This galaxy is another huge disk galaxy with a scale length of 15 kpc and a redshift of 15000 km/a. The high surface brightness knot in one of its spiral arms actually has the same color, luminosity and H-alpha equivalent width as the entire Large Magellanic Cloud . ... Truly it is a Low Surface Brightness Galaxy. ...