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... We demonstrate through numerical simulations that model parameters estimated with our technique are essentially bias-free, even when the average number of counts per bin is 1. ... The IW technique avoids such biases by estimating through successive iterations, where for each iteration, j, , and the best-fit parameters are determined by minimization of . ... In our sample, we find that the minimum values and best-fit parameters converge after about 6 iterations. ...

If the calculated chi-squared statistic exceeds a tabled value for the appropriate number of degrees of freedom, then observed values are significantly different from expected values at the confidence level indicated by p. For one degree of freedom: . p=0.05, 3.84; p=0.025, 5.02; p=0.01, 6.64; p=0.005, 7.88 . For two degrees of freedom: . ... For three degrees of freedom: . ... For four degrees of freedom: . ... For five degrees of freedom: . ...

One possible way for spiral galaxies to internally evolve would be for gas to flow to the center and form stars in a central disk (pseudo-bulge). ... In this paper we present radial profiles of stellar and 8 ЮМm emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 11 spiral galaxies to investigate whether the interstellar medium in these galaxies contains a central concentration above that expected from the exponential disk. ...

... I.A.Dynnikov, Three-page approach to knot theory. ... Universal semigroup, Funktsional'nyi Analiz I Prilozhenija, 34 (2000), no.1, 29-40 (Russian); English translation in Functional Analysis and Its Appl. 34 (2000), no.1, 24-32. I.A.Dynnikov, Finitely presented groups and semigroups in knot theory. ... Math. 2000, no. ... English translation: Russian Math. ... A.Vershik, Numerical invariants of exponential groups, and a locally free approximation of braid groups (in Russian), Zapiski Nauchn. ...

... Let be a random deviate which follows a Poissonian probability distribution about the expectation value . Although the Poisson distribution itself is only defined for integer , one can find the following continuous `envelope function' to the Poisson values: . ... where is the gamma function . ... The expectation value of is . ... Equation 5 is used both in the present program and in boxdetect to estimate the null-hypothesis probability distribution of the weighted sum of Poissonian images. ...

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... S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE CORPORATION ENERGIA . ... OAO RSC "Energia" . ... Company's History . ... History . Brief History of Rocket and Space Technology . ... Project History . ISS Russian Segment . Steps of ISS Assembly . ... ISS 45/46 . ... Rocket Space Complexes . ... Automatic Space Systems . Universal Space Platform . ... History of flights . ... UDOD . ... Man in space | ... Kit "UDOD-КRM", including data storage device "UDOD. ... 2015 JSC "S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" . ...

... The degree of correlation between two parameters can visually be estimated by plotting them. Numerically this is expressed by the correlation coefficient : . ... When the correlation coefficient indicates a significant correlation, the functional relation is given by the regression line which is computed by least squares methods for normal distributions or maximum likelihood procedures (see Section ). ... Such transformation may also be used to make the variance of a variable homogenous. ...

... Archives . ... It refers to the spread in the measured energy of an incoming photon, and even astronomers often stumble over what it is and what it contains. ... The R edistribution M atrix F ile (RMF) is, at its most basic, a description of how the detector responds to incoming photons. ... The process of measuring the energy introduces a measurement error, which is encoded as the probability that incoming photons at energy E are read out in detector channels i . ... Comment ( RSS ) | ...

... Unexpected X-rays from Comet Hyakutake . ... 11.04.1996 . ... Credit Copyright: C. Lisse, M. Mumma (NASA/GSFC), K. Dennerl, J. Schmidt, and J. Englhauser (MPE) Explanation: The first X-rays ever detected from a comet were discovered from Comet Hyakutake with the ROSAT satellite on March 27th. ... One possible explanation is that X-rays emitted from the Sun are absorbed by water in the comet's coma causing fluorescence. ... Information: The Scale of the Universe Debate in April 1996 . ... April 1996 ...

... From the peculiar shape of the light curve in the visible spectral region (a long phase interval of light constancy was observed by Hensberge et al. in 1981 ), HD 56022 had been expected to show unambiguously the nonequatorial symmetry of its surface brightness distribution. However, analysis of the light curve has yielded a possible equatorial position of a spot. ... A solution seems only possible, if the light constancy over the long phase interval in the visible is not observed in the UV. ...

Blackholes2 Forum Message . ... Post . ... Shifts Are As Would Be Expected. ... Post Message | ... Red and blue shifts can be caused by velocities also. ... The expectd result would be a red or blue shift proportional to the aparent distance an object is from the observer. ... www.astronomy.net . About Astronomy Net | Advertise on Astronomy Net | ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

... Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. April 11, 1996 . Unexpected X-rays from Comet Hyakutake . Credit: C. Lisse, M. Mumma (NASA/GSFC), K. Dennerl, J. Schmidt, and J. Englhauser (MPE) . Explanation: The first X-rays ever detected from a comet were discovered from Comet Hyakutake with the ROSAT satellite on March 27th. ... About APOD | ... A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC . ...

... These are ``quirks'' rather than ``bugs''. Below is a list of quirks. When loading a file and ``Reset Intensity Upon File Load'' is disabled, the intensity range of the previous image will be used. ... When moving between two images (such as when blinking, or when loading a new image), the display system attempts to retain the old image parameters (i.e. zoom box). What is retained are the corners of the zoom box measured in image pixel co-ordinates, not world co-ordinates. ...

... We have calculated the binary coalescence rate with time using the ``Scenario Machine'' code, which allows us to simulate evolution of large ensembles of binary stars in an artificial galaxy using a Monte Carlo method (see Lipunov 1992, Lipunov et al 1994, 1995 and references therein). ... The source evolution in a galaxy with given star formation rate is thus calculated as , where is the redshift at the turn-on of star formation, which is the second important parameter of the model. ...

This annotated artistтАЩs impression shows the Milky Way Galaxy. The blue halo of material surrounding the galaxy indicates the expected distribution of the mysterious dark matter. New measurements based on the movements of stars show that the amount of dark matter in this region around the Sun is far smaller than predicted and have indicated that there is no significant dark matter at all in our neighborhood. ...

Enhancement: Work Package 5 Highlights since last F2F Plans Nikolic, Richer Bolton Cavendish Laborator y/Kavli Institute University of Cambridge 10 June 2011 Cambridge ( University of Cambridge ) June 2011 1/8 Overview Rosie Bolton joined the team wvrgcal mailing list for community suppor t (20 subscribers) Analysis of test data repor ts, JIRA tickets Numerous ... June-Dec November ? ... University of Cambridge) June 2011 8/8 ...

Variations of total ozone content and lower ozone stratosphere temperature in Antarctic Region during winter-spring period A.V. Grytsai National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv Astronomy and Space Physics Department assen@univ.kiev.ua Data, used in the work work Total ozone: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) measurements during 1979 - 2005 and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ones for 2006, for http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpdata.html. ... A long-term TOC decrease is significant. ...

... December 30, 1998 . Supernova 1994D and the Unexpected Universe . Credit: High-Z Supernova Search Team , HST , NASA . Explanation: Far away, long ago, a star exploded. ... Supernova 1994D was not of interest for how different it was, but rather for how similar it was to other supernovae . ... The large number and great distances to supernovae measured in 1998 have been interpreted as indicating that we live in a previously unexpected universe . ... About APOD > . ... NASA Technical Rep.: ...