... The author attempts to approach the problem from the positions of systems analysis with account for the ideological grounds and history of space activities in Russia and abroad, comparing its current interpretation with the initial goals posed by leading theoreticians and practitioners who stood at the cradle of the space exploration era. ... The space systems recognized in Russia as priority projects are largely developed with violations of the systems approach principles. ...

... More than two dozens of integrated and specialized simulators and trainers are used presently at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Center for training cosmonauts within the framework of "Soyuz-TM" utilization program and International Space Station. ... All the cosmonauts, which have flown on board the "Soyuz" space vehicles - both Russian and foreign ones, including the first space tourist Dennis Tito - have passed the full training course just in these very simulators. ... Copyright 2000-2016 ATLAS Aerospace ...

SETI . ... 1.1 4 в 109 [1] Homo (4 - 5) в 106 [2]. ... Homo sapiens - , . ... Homo. 7. ­ (2 - 1, 5) в 106 [21]. ... Homo erecrus. 9. ­ 0, 4 в 106 [23]. Homo - - Homo erectus. ... 1981 [30]. . ... R (T ) (Star Formation Rate, SFR). ... B (M , ) LC ( ), , , 39 Number of civilizations Self-consistent origin of life 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Post transition civilizations Uniform single-planets origin of life 16 18 20 22 Time, Gyr . ... Lexington Bo oks, 2003. ... 2001. ...