... What are mechanisms of secular evolution? ... Internal mechanisms of secular evolution may b e: · bar instabilities in dynamically cold disk galaxies , · deviations from circular rotation due to non-axisymmetric gravitation p otential effect which may b e produced by planar structures ... gravitational and energetic, effects of nuclear sup ermassive black holes ­ they may provoke as attraction as well expansion, · certain gas expansion by galactic winds and fountains, etc ...

... How to Spot a Pale Blue Dot in the Night Sky - Signatures of Life on Extrasolar Planets . ... Frame 2: Steamy atmosphere, an ocean is covering the entire planet, no oxygen is present, timeline about four billion years ago. ... Using such telescopes as Kepler, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Darwin and Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), and masking the star light, the light from small Earth-like planets can be collected and analyzed. ... Copyright (c) Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston, Inc. ...

Introduction to PLASMA ASTROPHYSICS (Selected 10 lectures) Boris V. Somov Astronomical Institute and Faculty of Physics Moscow State University Pushino-na-Oke, 2008 Contents Ab out These Lectures 1 Particles and Fields: Exact Self-Consistent Description 1.1 Liouville's theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Continuity in phase space . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 The character of particle interactions 1.1.3 The Lorentz force, gravity . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Collisional friction . . . . . . . . . . . .