... GCR and SCR are primary cosmic rays. 10-15 years after the discovery of cosmic radiation (1919) there emerged two main avenues of investigation in the physics of cosmic rays (CR): 1) nuclear - elucidation of the origin of elementary particles and nuclear interactions; and 2) astrophysical (space physics) - solution of the problem related to the origin and variations (changes in intensity) of CR. ... Besides, the CR flux in interplanetary space is, strictly speaking, not isotropic. ...

... Under certain conditions, like those in the nucleus of a QSO, all atoms can be made to emit light at particular wavelengths. ... If that source is approaching the observer, the wave is squashed up onto itself making the wavelength shorter. ... This is redshift. ... You can see how the section of the QSO spectrum which we observe changes with redshift. ... We then see how far we had to slide the observed spectrum along the scale to make it match and that is the objects redshift. ... The 2QZ team . ...

... Pulkovo Astrometric Observations of Bodies in the Solar System from 1898 to 2005: Observational Database T. P. Kiseleva and E. V. Khrutskaya Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pulkovskoe sh. ... The long-term work resulted in long, homogeneous series of observations of various bodies in the Solar System: Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto; the satellites of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn; selected minor planets, asteroids, and comets. ... 2001; Kiseleva et al...