... The authors compare different standpoints on historical process of ethnoses emerging and developing on the area of Ancient Russ and Great Steep: a) the concept of M.Adgi ("panturkism"), Turks ethnos was prevailing on the area; b) the concept of G.V. Nosovskiy and A.T. Fomenko ("paslavyaism"), the Slav ethnos was prevailing on the area; the concept of L.Gumilyev ("passionarnost" theory), the ethnoses were living together without dominating one over the other. ...

... Active Skepsis . ... Probably, one should know the results from any actions. ... As a result, a sceptic, who discredits, for example, the tales of Christian wonders, has to follow the practical recommendations of Christianity or any other belief knowing how to act. ... As a result, scepticism restricts itself with discrediting secondary wonders, permanently replacing one doubtful interpretation with another and telling nothing of life and action. ... Yuri Tikhonravov, Ph.D. Translated from Russian ....

... GCR and SCR are primary cosmic rays. 10-15 years after the discovery of cosmic radiation (1919) there emerged two main avenues of investigation in the physics of cosmic rays (CR): 1) nuclear - elucidation of the origin of elementary particles and nuclear interactions; and 2) astrophysical (space physics) - solution of the problem related to the origin and variations (changes in intensity) of CR. ... Besides, the CR flux in interplanetary space is, strictly speaking, not isotropic. ...