... The author attempts to approach the problem from the positions of systems analysis with account for the ideological grounds and history of space activities in Russia and abroad, comparing its current interpretation with the initial goals posed by leading theoreticians and practitioners who stood at the cradle of the space exploration era. ... The space systems recognized in Russia as priority projects are largely developed with violations of the systems approach principles. ...

... Moon Phase below . ... ARTICLE: Why the moon always shows us the same face . ... Before you continue reading, you should know that this was not always the case, i.e. the Moon once was rotating with respect to the Earth, so that on every night a terrestrial observer (if there was one, because this was long, long before mankind appeared on our planet, and even before any major animals had appeared) saw another face of the Moon. ... Figure 1 (not to scale) shows how we can imagine the system Earth-Moon...

... Imaging GRIN Rod Lens (HAG's) | Relay Rod Lens (LAG's) | ... The Refractive Index Distributions (RID) in GRIN lens preforms are made by multi-stage optimized ion-exchange diffusion between silicate mineral glasses and salt melts. ... In the LAG lenses - L ow A perture GRIN the nature of the changing of refractive index in glass via ion-exchange lies mainly in molecular volume increase. ... LAG lenses are specially treated to create the dark anti-flick surface coating (Fig.2). ...