... It is assumed that you have available a calculator which can derive sines and cosines, and also has functions sin -1 and cos -1 which given sinA or cosA can find the angle A, in the range 0 to 180 degrees. A triangle ABC has a right angle C and two sharp angles A and B. The triangle's sides AC and BC on both sides of the right angle C are given as: . ... a) When a beam of light hits the surface of a flat piece of glass, it is generally bent by some angle. ... AP cos? = x sin? + y cos a . ...

Russian SHAREABLE DATA CENTER Institute of Solar-Terrestial Physics SB RAS . ... A most promising problem is to investigate the interaction of two VHF powerful radiowave beams in the ionosphere, whose difference frequency is equal to the plasma frequency in some ionospheric area (that is, the difference frequency is taken in the range 1-8 MHz). ... Two-frequency interaction effects are based on radiowave non-linear mixing, which is rather complicated when describing and modelling the experiment. ...

Astronomy Picture of the Day . ... Credit Copyright: Tun Tezel ( TWAN ) Explanation: Is the Sun always straight up at noontime? ... Turning the problem around, however, as in finding where the Sun actually appears to be at high noon , is as easy as waiting for midday, pointing your camera up, and taking a picture. ... Pictured above is one such high noon analemma -- a series of pictures always taken at exactly noontime over the course of a year. ... Publications with keywords: analemma . ...

This method occupies a particular place among the methods of solution of diffraction problems. ... A detailed discussion of the questions connected with the application of the integral equations to light scattering problems can be found in [ 24 , 401 , 464 ]. For solution of the integral equations one uses different methods: method of moments, Galerkin method, etc. 228 , 243 , 265 , 380 , 434 , 467 , 495 , 500 ]. ...

... G. A Leikin, A. N. Sanovich. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow 119899, Russia. Brown University - Vernadsky Institute Microsymposium 34, October 8-9, 2001, Moscow, Russia . ... G. A. Leikin and A. N. Sanovich, Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, . ... Brown University - Vernadsky Institute Microsymposium 38, October 27-29, 2003, Moscow, Russia . ... Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow, State University, 119992, Moscow, Universitetskij prosp. ...

... For many ATMs, having a good ray trace program on hand is pretty valuable. ... http://www.willbell.com . ... It is a slick Windows package with great graphics, but my most recent machine (Win95 OSR2) now encounters many error messages. ... OSLO LT : This is the freeware Windows version of OSLO - it is limited to 12 surfaces, but is otherwise amazing. ... KDP : This is another powerful, freeware Windows raytrace package. ... ZEMAX : This is yet another powerful, Windows raytrace package. ...