... Precisely one month ago, on 11 July 2009, the last active area of the new solar cycle disappeared from the surface of the Sun. Over the 30 days following this, neither observers on Earth nor devices in space have been able to detect the emergence of any sunspots. ... Therefore, it seems that our star has once again returned to a state of deep solar "winter", following several sparks of activity in May-June 2009. ... To date, this period has lasted 30 days. ...

... Fitting the observed dependence includes calculations of the polarization cross-sections averaged over particles orientation and size distribution, their normalization and the comparison of obtained dependencies with Serkowski's curve representing observational data for a chosen star. ... Variations of the polarization factors with wavelength are shown in Fig. 16 for homogeneous spheroidal particles with PF orientation. ... The distinction between prolate and oblate spheroids is also clearly seen. ...

... The Science Operation Department is composed of Astronomers, Telescope Instruments Operators(TIOs) and Data Handling Administrators(DHAs). ... Astronomers have proposed several methods to quantitatively measure the amount of turbulence above the telescope, which the most common ones is Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM). In optical testing, the Hartmann test is the common method to test the quality of optical components. ... Hartmann mask consists of 48 lenses. ...

... The channel of digital data transmission can operate with the rate up to 40 Kbit/s and the channel of analog information makes it possible to transmit the data with the band width up to 60 KHz. ... The onboard data collecting unit, STS, is installed to collect the analog and digital information from the complex of scientific payload and from the subsatellite service systems. ... STS unit has the following features: . ... The following organizations took part in design of the data collecting system: ...

Cosmic factors of evolution of biosphere and geosphere. ... Adushkin, G.V. Pechernikova and A.V. Vityazev (IGD RAS) Exogenous factor in Earth evolution: astrophysics and a weak form of the panspermia hypothesis . ... L.I.Miroshnichenko (IZMIRAN) Cosmic rays as a factor of biosphere evolution . ... Lack of direct interrelation between changes in the biosphere and geomagnetic field indicate a lack of influence of a field on life evolution on Earth. ... COSMIC RAYS AS A FACTOR OF BIOSPHERIC EVOLUTION . ...

GRANAT is the Russian x-ray sattelite launched to the high apogee orbit (200,000 km) and operated almost for 10 years (1989 -1999) , carrying out four major instruments: French SIGMA coded-mask hard x-ray telescope (30-1000 keV), Soviet ART-P coded-mask telescope (2??-60?? keV), all-sky monitor WATCH (6-150 keV), and a gamma-burst detector PHEBUS . ... Since September 1994, GRANAT is in the survey mode. ... Explore pages devoted to individual GRANAT instruments (including main scientific results): . ...

... IONOSPHERIC DATA IN THE INTERACTIVE SPIDR SYSTEM . ... The Ionosphere The ionosphere is that part of the upper atmosphere where free electrons occur in sufficient density to have an appreciable influence on the propagation of radio frequency electromagnetic waves. ... These regions may be further divided into several regularly occurring layers, such as F1 or F2. ... E Region: The region between about 95 and 150km above the Earth that marks the height of the regular daytime E layer. ...

... ON THE ROLE OF LARGE-SCALE PLASMA IRREGULARITIES AT THE FINAL STAGE OF ANOMALOUS ABSOPTION DEVELOPING UNDER HF HEATING OF THE IONOSPHERE . ... Fig. ... With the aid of numerical statistical modeling based on multiple ray tracing it is shown that in presence of large-scale irregularities the reflected signal amplitude mean value is increased significantly. ... Dependence of the mean amplitude of the reflected from the ionosphere signal on the large-scale (10-50 km) electron density irregularity level...

... Extinction Class Reference . ... voidљ . forward (const Vec3d *altAzPos, float *mag, const int num=1) const . ... forward (const Vec3f *altAzPos, float *mag, const int num=1) const . ... forward (const double *sinAlt, float *mag, const int num) const . ... forward (const float *sinAlt, float *mag, const int num) const . ... forward (const double *sinAlt, float *mag) const . ... forward (const float *sinAlt, float *mag) const . ... backward (const float *sinAlt, float *mag, const int num=1) const . ...

Multi-Frequency Synthesis in K-band . The Multi-Frequency Synthesis (MFS) permits to realize a good quality imaging of the continuum radio sources in short time. ... The RadioAstron mission will operate one K-band circular polarized channel at fixed frequency 22,232 GHz. ... In general one K-band RadioAstron channel with fixed frequency will be unchanging and compatible with all the ground radio telescopes. ... Progress of the RadioAstron Project in Pictures . ...

... A model for the chemical evolution of a disk galaxy is presented. The model reproduces all the basic . ... investigations of the star formation history. ... the galaxyЫand incorporating a delay in the onset of star formation make it possible to model different scenar- . ios for the evolution of a galaxy's luminosity. ... evolution of massive galaxies. ... of reconstructing the star-formation history and galactic luminosity from observations of galaxies at different . ...

... Moore Observatory is a research and advanced teaching facility of the University of Louisville. ... The 24-inch Ritchie Chretien (RC24) telescope is a research instrument used by faculty and graduate students involved in studies of exoplanets, optical properties of the atmosphere, and the development of imaging and spectroscopic technology. ... Kent (CDK20S) are collaboratively operated by the University of Louisville and the University of Southern Queensland for both research and education. ...