Photon Scattering: Basic Principle of Photon Scattering . Audio Narration is available . No Scattering: Photon Source and Detector . ... For optical photons, scattering goes as wavelength to the -4 power. In the case of blue photons compared to red photons, this means that blue photons are about 10 times more likely to get scattered than red photons. ... Watch the blue photons scatter away from the detector . ... Interstellar dust make stars appear redder than they really are . ...

... GUI­fying and Documenting your Shell Script Peter. ... We describe a simple method to annotate shell scripts and have a preprocessor extract a set of variables, present them to the user in a GUI (using Tcl/Tk) with context sensitive help, and run the script. ... Tcl/Tk: TkRun The GUI that is created will provide a simple interface to a program that is spawned by the GUI. ... Sample Script: testscript Here is an example header from a C­shell script with which Figure 1 was made. ...

Groups, ends and trees: exercises II Michele Triestino 2015-07-22 Exercise 1. ... Show that the function dS : G Ѕ G - G defined by dS (x, y) = x-1 y S is a distance on G and coincides with the graph distance on the Cayley graph of G with respect to generating set S. Exercise 4. ... Let S and S be two different finite generating sets of a group G. Show that the Cayley graphs (G, S) and (G, S) are quasi-isometric. ... Show that the Cayley graph of a finite group is quasi-isometric to a point. ...

... sin f = y / r . cos f = x / r . ... They are now viewed as new definitions of the sine and cosine, for the polar angle f given by x and y ( a slightly different way of formulating this definition is described further below ). ... sin 2 f + cos 2 f = 1 . ... Angle . ... Many trigonometry texts define the sine and cosine slightly differently, using the so-called unit circle . ... Then the distance AB ("the sine line") equals sin a , and the distance OA ("the cosine line") equals cos a . ...

... In polar coordinates, the point P is defined by its distance r from the origin O (see drawing) and by its polar angle ("azimuth" on a map) between the x-axis and the "radius" r = OA, measured counter-clockwise. ... When one or both are negative , the angle f is larger than 90 degrees, and such angles never appears in any right-angled triangle. ... There is a simple solution , though: use the above equations to re-define sin f and cos f for such larger angles! ... But it also works for larger angles....

First results of X/S and X/Ka-band catalog combinations with full covariance information Andreas Iddink , Christopher Jacobs, Thomas Artz, Axel Nothnagel 22.09.2014 First results of S/X and X/Ka-band catalog combinations with full covariance information Andreas Iddink ­ 22.09.2014 Motivation Features of the ICRF2 ICRF2 (Defining- Sources ) 3414 ... Step: Import of the X/Ka catalog with full covariance information (Data provided by Christopher Jacobs et al. ...

... Packet Format . ... The TCC broadcasts UDP packets containing position information. ... Packet Header . ... int4 . ... double . ... pos, vel double . ... pos, vel, time double . ... See the TCC Message Keywords Dictionary for full definitions of most items in the "data" section of the packet. pos, vel double is a structure containing two doubles: "pos" and "vel"; it contains the same information as the TCC's "coordinates" (p,v,t triplets), but with time given by the "TAIDate" entry in the packet. ...

... It addresses: · · · · · · general description of document contents the macro structure of each document what parts, if any, are normative file formats for electronic publishing maintenance methodology (listed by section of the document) inter-document dependencies. ... Message Inf ormation Model a) General Introduction Maintenance method: formatted section. b) Graphical Representation Maintenance method: structured section. c) Literary Representation Maintenance method: structured section. ...

... Meade Instruments Corporation . ... Section 3: File Menu . ... Displays the dialog to open an existing image: . ... Saves the current image as a new file name or new file type, or both. ... This can be useful to prevent having 20 or more images open at once, and saves having to close them manually. ... This is done by creating a text file with the same name as the image file. ... Note that Image Information is saved within the FITS file, so there will not be a text file to accompany these files. ...

Blackholes2 Forum Message . Forums: . ... Brilliant! Thanks . ... My interpretation of the MM experiment was that it did not prove the speed of light was constant in all directions because it could not see direction. ... People assume that the space containing the experiment is rigid (or 4-D grid space-time with fixed scale. ... www.astronomy.net . ... Forum posts are Copyright their authors as specified in the heading above the post. "dbHTML," "AstroGuide," "ASTRONOMY.NET" & "VA.NET" . ...

... File . Read sets . ... Read one or more data sets. ... Read from: sets the source of the data, either a disk file or a pipe. ... These errors generally arise when an attempt is made to read a text file - xmgr relies on the interpretive capabilities of sscanf() to parse the data. xmgr will read data sets until there are no more sets available, after the maximum number of sets have been used, you'll need to free some sets using the [Kill] or [Kill all] items in the Edit/Set operations pullright. ...

... Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) . Survey processing . ... VISTA is a 4-m class wide field survey telescope for the southern hemisphere, equipped with a near infrared camera (1.65 degree diameter field of view at VISTA's nominal pixel size) containing 67 million pixels of mean size 0.34 arcsec and available broad band filters at Z,Y,J,H,K s and a narrow band filter at 1.18 micron. A wide field visible camera, if constructed, could also be used on VISTA. ... Tile . ... ESO VISTA Public Surveys . ...

... International Astronomy Olympiad 2002 . ... The 7th International Astronomy Olympiad will be held on October 22-29, 2002 at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences (SAO RAS) in North Caucasus. ... Authorized National Representative Astronomy Organizations (ANRAO) of the participating countries are authorized to form the teams of the Olympiad member-states. ... VII IAO . ... Information about the International Astronomy Olympiad 2003 will be known in the late 2002. ...

... Donate to Support Science Literacy . ... 2016 Annual Awards . The ASP is accepting nominations for the organizationтАЩs national annual awards which recognize special achievements in astronomy research, technology, education, and public outreach. ... Shop the AstroShop . ... The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP) is accepting nominations for the organizationтАЩs national annual awards which recognize special achievements in astronomy research, technology, education, and public outreach.. ...

... The perceptron structure, on the basis of which the database is built, is defined by a number of the input and output parameters and a required accuracy. ... The output perceptron data are the expansion coefficients of the scattering matrix elements in series of the generalized spherical functions. ... As the cluster structure depends on the generation conditions the expansion coefficients were averaged over 5--7 realizations of the clusters (for N . ... is the coefficient number. ...

Astronomy Picture of the Day . ... 8.01.2000 . ... Explanation: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicist and single most significant Person of the 20th Century . ... One reason Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was to make the prize more prestigious. ... NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers . ... Publications with keywords: scientist - time - century - space . Publications with words: scientist - time - century - space . ...

... selected="selected"' : ''; $menu .= '<option value="' . ... SERVER['REQUEST_URI'],$trans)); return $urls[0]; } /* get the internal configuration */ global $ cfg ; /* check if we been asked to render a feed */ $ feed = get_get(' feed ',NULL); /* check if we been asked to render a PDF */ $pdf = get_get('pdf',NULL); $ templates = array(); $output = ''; $ file = get_post('db',NULL); if (!$ file ) $ file = get_get('db',Property::get($ cfg ['config'],'default')); /* if the request does not ask for a...

... Since 2011 our observatory is a member of GLORIA (GLObal Robotic telescopes Intelligent Array for e-Science) project - wide international collaboration of 13 scientific institutions from 8 countries aiming at opening public access to robotic telescopes, as well as propagating astronomy in general. The GLORIA Project offers Internet users the possibility of studying the sky from professional observatories. ... The experiments are available at the users site of GLORIA. ... About GLORIA . ...

... VaST is a software tool for finding variable objects on a series of astronomical images. ... VaST performs object detection and aperture photometry using SExtractor on each image, cross-matches lists of detected stars, performs magnitude calibration with respect to the first (reference) image and constructs a lightcurve for each object. ... VaST FITS image viewer ./pgfv . ... Part I" PZP, vol. ... K. V. Sokolovsky, S. A. Korotkiy; "New Variable Stars Discovered by the NMW Survey" PZP, vol. ...

TOOLS OF TEST GENERATION FOR SATELLITES CONTROL PROGRAMS Andrey Tyugashev, Ekaterina Myasnikova, Elena Sopchenko S.P. Korolyov Samara State Aerospace University (National Reseach University) The paper presents a research in the field of test automation for testing spacecraft control programs. ... Programmers or designers of spacecraft systems write tests manually. ... Tests are carried out by issuing the control actions on the spacecraft and condition monitoring systems parameters of the spacecraft. ...