... The spectrum of the brightest star, our Sun, shows several dark gaps perpendicular to the flow of it’s colours (figure 1). These so called spectral absorption lines where discovered in 1802 by the English scientist William Wollaston. ... Some stars as Pollux show a spectrum similar to that of our sun with strong Ca II and Fe II lines, others as Sirius or Vega show strong absorption lines of hydrogen, others, as Mira show very complicated spectra due to molecular absorption lines (see figure 5). ...

... I will touch upon the following points: ­ fast evolution of the sizes of quiescent (elliptical) galaxies between z = 2 and z = 1; ­ prolonged star formation histories of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Local Group; ­ apparent lack of external sources of cold gas accretion for the nearby spiral galaxies; ­ old stellar ages and magnesium overabundance of the large-scale disks of nearby lenticular galaxies. ... This discovery has challenged the recognized scenarios of elliptical galaxy evolution. ...

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