... Gaseous discs in NGC 252 and in NGC 4513 have decoupled kinematics, and the ionized gas of their rings is certainly excited by young stars. ... Two other, quite isolated S0 galaxies with the UV rings, IC 522 and NGC 446, demonstrate the shock-dominated gas excitation in the UV-detected rings, so their rings may probably have impact origin. ... NGC 4513. ... The UV rings in isolated galaxies IC 522 and NGC 446 may represent the consequences of central impact by a satellite from a highly inclined...

... It appears that, billions of years after the big bang, following the formation of galaxies, some form of dark energy that is causing the expansion rate to accelerate overtook the Universe. ... The transition from big crunch to big bang automatically replenishes the Universe by creating new matter and radiation. ... By dispelling the myth that the big bang is a beginning of space and time, superstring theory opens up new possibilities for the cosmological history of the Universe. ...

... 000, 1­13 (2010) Printed 21 September 2011 A (MN L TEX style file v2.2) A universal ultraviolet-optical colour­colour­magnitude relation of galaxies I1gor V. Chilingarian1,2, and Ivan Yu. ... Received 2011 Sep 15; in original form 2011 Feb 6 ABSTRACT The bimodal galaxy distribution in the optical colour­magnitude diagram (CMD) comprises a narrow "red sequence" populated mostly by early-type galaxies and a broad "blue cloud" dominated by star-forming systems. ...