... Under certain conditions, like those in the nucleus of a QSO, all atoms can be made to emit light at particular wavelengths. ... If that source is approaching the observer, the wave is squashed up onto itself making the wavelength shorter. ... This is redshift. ... You can see how the section of the QSO spectrum which we observe changes with redshift. ... We then see how far we had to slide the observed spectrum along the scale to make it match and that is the objects redshift. ... The 2QZ team . ...

... 37, No. 1, pp. 3­12. i Star Formation History at the Centers of Lenticular Galaxies with Bars and Purely Exponential Outer Disks from SAURON Data O. K. Sil'chenko1* and I. V. Chilingarian1, 1 2 Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. ... DISCUSSION In all seven galaxies with exponential outer stellar disks for which we analyzed the stellar population properties at the center based on the SAURON data, we detected chemically decoupled nuclei. ... Astron. ... O. K. Sil'chenko, Astron. ...

... 000, 1­12 (2009) Printed 11 February 2010 A (MN L TEX style file v2.2) Analytical approximations of K -corrections in optical and near-infrared bands I1gor V. Chilingarian1 2 ,2,3 , Anne-Laure Melchior 1,4 and Ivan Yu. ... Received 2010 February 01; in original form 2009 August 14 ABSTRACT To compare photometric properties of galaxies at different redshifts, the fluxes need to be corrected for the changes of effective rest-frame wavelengths of filter bandpasses, called K -corrections. ... Table 1. ...

SETI . ... 1.1 4 в 109 [1] Homo (4 - 5) в 106 [2]. ... Homo sapiens - , . ... Homo. 7. ­ (2 - 1, 5) в 106 [21]. ... Homo erecrus. 9. ­ 0, 4 в 106 [23]. Homo - - Homo erectus. ... 1981 [30]. . ... R (T ) (Star Formation Rate, SFR). ... B (M , ) LC ( ), , , 39 Number of civilizations Self-consistent origin of life 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 00 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Post transition civilizations Uniform single-planets origin of life 16 18 20 22 Time, Gyr . ... Lexington Bo oks, 2003. ... 2001. ...