... A new scenario for the birth of type Ia supernovae . The parents of type Ia could be a binary star made up of a white dwarf and an M dwarf. ... One is called a т??single-degenerate model,т?? in which a binary star is made up of a degenerate, or dead star, called a white dwarf paired with a less evolved star. ... The second reason the M dwarf is likely the white dwarfт??s co-parent in producing type Ia supernovae is that M dwarfs are magnetic. т??They flare, they do all sorts of crazy things,т?? ...

... Selection Methods . ... With each new generation the population will be more suited to its . ... generations: the maximum number of generations the program will go through, before stopping, if the solution is not within the given tolerance. population : the number of parents randomly generated in the first generation , and in each subsequent generation . prob_mut: the probability of mutation in the offspring, explained earlier. prob_cross: probability of crossover between two parents ...

... A non-linear relationship is observed between the sky brightness on clear and overcast nights, with a change in behavior near the rural to urban landuse transition. ... The great variation in skyglow radiance observed from site-to-site and with changing meteorological conditions underlines the need for a long-term international monitoring program. he introduction of artificial light has caused an unprecedented disruption to the nighttime environment over large areas of the Earth. ... Data processing...