... What are mechanisms of secular evolution? ... Internal mechanisms of secular evolution may b e: · bar instabilities in dynamically cold disk galaxies , · deviations from circular rotation due to non-axisymmetric gravitation p otential effect which may b e produced by planar structures ... gravitational and energetic, effects of nuclear sup ermassive black holes ­ they may provoke as attraction as well expansion, · certain gas expansion by galactic winds and fountains, etc ...

Statistics of sunspot activity . ... The solar regions . ... The description of the solar regions . ... The perceptible sunspot with symmetrical penumbra crossed the Sun disc since 1.09 to 12.09.02 along the high latitudes of the Southern hemisphere. ... The fine sunspots crossed the Sun disc since 1.09 to 11.09.02 along the equator. ... The fine sunspot with symmetrical penumbra was observed at the low latitudes of the Northern hemisphere since 1.09 to 5.09.02, in the Eastern part of the Sun disc. ...

... Undaunted, and hopeful that our club's observatory at Washington Crossing State Park, Titusville, NJ enjoyed better conditions, I set off. A few minutes later I arrived at the park and met my fellow AAAP club members Brian Van Liew and Bill Murray already there and set up awaiting the sunrise. ... Mark Jaworsky Simpson Observatory (609) 737-2575 From the Editor As you see in the Masthead, a new club officer has been installed (Secretary, Mark Jaworsky) and we have started a new year of AAAP. ...

... 000, 1­12 (2009) Printed 11 February 2010 A (MN L TEX style file v2.2) Analytical approximations of K -corrections in optical and near-infrared bands I1gor V. Chilingarian1 2 ,2,3 , Anne-Laure Melchior 1,4 and Ivan Yu. ... Received 2010 February 01; in original form 2009 August 14 ABSTRACT To compare photometric properties of galaxies at different redshifts, the fluxes need to be corrected for the changes of effective rest-frame wavelengths of filter bandpasses, called K -corrections. ... Table 1. ...