... On se demandait quel canon pourrait jamais transmettre une vitesse initiale suffisante Рњ une pareille masse. ... Il est probable que nous arriverons Рњ lui donner des dimensions gigantesques; mais si grandes que soient les difficultР?s, notre gР?nie industriel en aura facilement raison. ... Je ne les crains pas!В? . ... Non, rР?pondit Barbicane, non; il nous faut une vitesse initiale Р?norme, et vous savez bien que le boulet sort moins rapidement des canons rayР?s que des canons Рњ Р?me lisse. в?? ...

... The author attempts to approach the problem from the positions of systems analysis with account for the ideological grounds and history of space activities in Russia and abroad, comparing its current interpretation with the initial goals posed by leading theoreticians and practitioners who stood at the cradle of the space exploration era. ... The space systems recognized in Russia as priority projects are largely developed with violations of the systems approach principles. ...

... GCR and SCR are primary cosmic rays. 10-15 years after the discovery of cosmic radiation (1919) there emerged two main avenues of investigation in the physics of cosmic rays (CR): 1) nuclear - elucidation of the origin of elementary particles and nuclear interactions; and 2) astrophysical (space physics) - solution of the problem related to the origin and variations (changes in intensity) of CR. ... Besides, the CR flux in interplanetary space is, strictly speaking, not isotropic. ...