USSR Venus Orbiters . ... Venera 15 and Venera 16 were a two-spacecraft mission designed to use 8-centimeter (3-inch) band, side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus . ... Each spacecraft consisted of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and a radio altimeter. ... The Venera 15 and 16 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems were identical, and were used to map the surface of Venus at a resolution of 1 to 2 kilometers (.6 to 1.2 miles) over a period of 8 months. ...

Lunar Orbiter 2 . ... The Lunar Orbiter 2 spacecraft was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. ... The spacecraft acquired photographic data from November 18 to 25, 1966, and readout occurred through December 7, 1966. ... The two separate lens, shutter, and platen systems utilized the same film supply and recorded imagery simultaneously in adjacent areas on 70-millimeter film. ...

GRANAT is the Russian x-ray sattelite launched to the high apogee orbit (200,000 km) and operated almost for 10 years (1989 -1999) , carrying out four major instruments: French SIGMA coded-mask hard x-ray telescope (30-1000 keV), Soviet ART-P coded-mask telescope (2??-60?? keV), all-sky monitor WATCH (6-150 keV), and a gamma-burst detector PHEBUS . ... Since September 1994, GRANAT is in the survey mode. ... Explore pages devoted to individual GRANAT instruments (including main scientific results): . ...

... Orbiter . Payload of the Orbiter . ... the instruments . ... ORBITER . Index . Instrument . Mass (kg) . ARGUS . ... visible and IR mapping spectrometer . ... planetary IR Fourier spectrometer . ... mapping visible and thermal radiometer . ... mapping high-resolut. spectrophotometer . ... multichannel optical s spectrometer . ... quadrupole mass-spectrometer . ... fast omnidir. energy-mass ion analyzer . ... wave complex . ... platform for ARGUS instruments . ... MASS-MEM . ...

Mapping Mars . ... Credit Copyright: Malin Space Science Systems , MGS , JPL , NASA Explanation: This month, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft began its primary mission to the red planet. Orbiting about once every two hours at an altitude of over 200 miles, instruments onboard MGS now regularly explore the Martian surface and atmosphere. ... Water-ice clouds can be seen hovering over the surface while the north polar cap is visible at the top of each image. ... NASA Official: Jay Norris. ...

... OF MARTIAN MISSION ELEMENTS . At present, RSC Energia has developed a conceptual configuration for the interplanetary orbiter where the crew will work during the entire interplanetary transit. ... Interplanetary expedition vehicle assembly plan has been developed. ... A program has been developed for building a series of small spacecraft based on the interplanetary vehicle concept with electrical propulsion main engines and solar arrays. ... Official WEB-site of S.P.Korolev RSC Energia . ...

433 Eros is an S-type asteroid orbiting the Sun mostly between the orbits of Earth and Mars. orbit: 172,800,000 km from the Sun (average) size: 33x13x13 km . ... Eros has a giant gouge which was of interest. Here's a close-up image. ... NEAR, then renamed NEAR-Shoemaker (after Gene Shoemaker) On Monday, 12 February 2001, the NEAR spacecraft touched down (yes, landed) on asteroid Eros, after transmitting 69 close-up images of the surface during its final descent. ... Eros images from NEAR . ...

Instrument . ... Scanning TV-sensor with on-board data recording system for global coverage mode . ... recording, direct transmission . ... IR-radiometer for global coverage and direct data transmission modes . ... The scientific instrument package onboard the Meteor-3 spacecraft provides for regular instant acquisition of images of cloudiness and Earth surface in visible and infra-red bands, data on air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature and clouds temperature. ...

Four NASA spacecraft and spacecraft from Japan and Europe are planned to be in operation at Mars in early 2004. In addition to the three tracking stations of NASA's Deep Space Network, located in Australia (which CSIRO oversees on behalf of NASA), Spain, and the USA, NASA has enlisted the 64-m Parkes dish of the ATNF to help track these spacecraft during the busy period, November 2003 to February 2004. NASA's Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey probes are already orbiting the planet. ...

... Ж.Ф. Родионова, А.А.Карлов, Т.П. Скобелева и др. ... Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, 119899, Moscow, Russia; jeanna@sai.msu ru. ... Moscow State University, Vorobjovy Gory, 119899, Moscow, Russia. Brown University - Vernadsky Institute Microsymposium 34, October 8-9, 2001, Moscow, Russia . ... Rodionova J1., ... Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow University, jeanna@sai.msu.ru . ... 1 Sternberg State Astronomical Institute Lomonosov Moscow University, Russia; marss8@mail.ru . ...

... Eugene A. Cernan (Captain, USN, Ret.) NASA Astronaut (former) . ... Cernan subsequently served as backup pilot for Gemini 12 and as backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 7. On his second space flight, he was lunar module pilot of Apollo 10, May 18-26, 1969, the first comprehensive lunar-orbital qualification and verification flight test of an Apollo lunar module. ... Captain Cernan has logged 566 hours and 15 minutes in space-of which more than 73 hours were spent on the surface of the moon. ...

... Mars . ... News . ... NASA's newest Mars mission spacecraft enters orbit around the Red Planet . ... On September 21, 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft entered orbit around Mars, completing an interplanetary journey of 10 months and 442 million miles (711 million kilometers). ... NASA s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft successfully entered Mars orbit at 10:24 p.m. EDT Sunday, Septempter 21, where it now will prepare to study the Red Planet s upper atmosphere as never done before...

Blastoff to Saturn . ... Voyager 1 flew 124,000 kilometers (77,000 miles) above Saturn's cloudtops in 1980, showing us a close look at Saturn's large moon Titan and sending back stunning images of Saturn and its rings. ... In the early moonlit morning of October 15, 1997, Cassini launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida, to join these three trailblazing spacecraft on its voyage to Saturn. ... The Cassini-Huygens mission has two major phases: cruise and tour. ... Analogy: Titan and Saturn . ...

... They are concerned with Attitude Control System of the spacecraft, satellite visibility from tracking stations, limits on the satellite autonomous operations during the orbit, and needs for auxiliary operations with the spacecraft. ... Among the operational constraints the most important one is the number of programmed slews per orbit, which determines the maximum number of radio sources to be observed during one orbit. ... System temperature (K) . ... Progress of the RadioAstron Project in Pictures...

Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. ... библиотека . архив RSN . ... Ru.Space.News: . Февраль 1998 . ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: NASA Says Lunar Ice Rumors Wrong Привет всем! ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: Lectures at JPL on Near-Earth Asteroids Привет всем! ... Дата: 10 февраля 1998 (1998-02-10) От: Alexander Bondugin Тема: Images Of Mars '98 Landing Zone Reveal Strange New Terrain Привет всем! ...

... Р?С?С?С?Р?Р?Р?Р?РеС?Р?С?Р?РеР? ... Launched on February 17, 1996, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission is to be the first of NASA's Discovery missions, a series of small-scale spacecraft designed to proceed from development to flight in under three years for a cost of less than $150 million. ... The ultimate goal of the mission is to rendezvous with and achieve orbit around the near Earth asteroid 433 Eros in February, 1999, and study the asteroid for approximately one year. ...