... Low-latitude aurorae are a storm time phenomena, in which particles originating from the ring current (and/or which are energized by the ring current) enter the lower thermosphere causing optical emission. It has been suggested (Rassoul et al., 1993) that four "pure" types of such auroras exist, as shown in table below, where LEE = low energy electron aurora, and HP = heavy particle aurora. ... low-latitude . ... One should thus not confuse them with other red emissions from much lower altitudes. ...