... As first proposed by Axford (1962) and Kellogg (1962), all planetary bodies having either a magnetosphere or a highly conducting ionosphere have also a bow shock associated with the deflection of the solar wind around them. This shock wave develops because the information needed to deflect the solar wind plasma around the obstacle travels at a velocity that is less than that of the solar wind flow. ... intermediate wave . ... Some of the waves are generated in the bow shock and propagate upstream. ...