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: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/disted/ph121/l2a.html
Дата изменения: Mon Jun 26 02:45:58 2006 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 03:21:34 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: milky way |
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Remember these guys:
Aristotle stands in the Greek philosophical tradition which asserts that nature is understandable. This tradition, opposed to the idea that nature is under the control of capricious (MAGIC) deities which are to be appeased rather than understood, is one of the roots (PHYSICS) of science.
Okay, our task is to now remove the earth from the center of the Universe and come up with something more sensible:
Elements of the Universe at this time (Aristotle):
Problems:
Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (15th Century) thought a lot about
cosmology (and other stuff) and came up with the following:
The above two means there can be no UNIQUE place in the Universe
The origin of original ideas are difficult to pin down. Often its the
marketing that wins out! Our man Copernicus seems to have marketed the
non-uniquess idea quite well:
Copernician Marketing Poster:
The First Textbook (by Clavius) to Incorporate the New Idea (circa 1540):
This is the First Heliocentric Cosmology
In 1551 Erasmus Rheinhold (1511-1553) published the
Prutenic Tables of planetary positions, which were based on the Copernican model and
enjoyed quite a bit of success.
meaning that this model had good predictive power.
The most important aspect of Copernicus' work is that it forever changed the place of man in the cosmos; no longer could man legitimately think his significance greater than his fellow creatures; with Copernicus' work, man could now take his place among that which exists all about him, and not of necessity take that premier position which had been assigned immodestly to him by the theologians.
Goethe's Comment on Copernicus:"Of all discoveries and opinions, none may have exerted a greater effect on the human spirit than the doctrine of Copernicus. The world had scarcely become known as round and complete in itself when it was asked to waive the tremendous privilege of being the center of the universe. Never, perhaps, was a greater demand made on mankind - for by this admission so many things vanished in mist and smoke! What became of our Eden, our world of innocence, piety and poetry; the testimony of the senses; the conviction of a poetic - religious faith? No wonder his contemporaries did not wish to let all this go and offered every possible resistance to a doctrine which in its converts authorized and demanded a freedom of view and greatness of thought so far unknown, indeed not even dreamed of." |
The Universe according to Copernicus, who had no idea what the stars were in relation to this Universe.
This also gives a natural explanation for the observed retrograde motion that Ptolemy struggled with:
Also this explained the variation in brightness observed for Mars. Copernicus, however, didn't understand how the larger brightness variations observed in Venus could be accounted for.
That is, he did not understand that Venus would have phases:
And now we come to Galileo the Astronomer:
The Telescope an interesting invention.
With his Telescope Galielo Discovered (by 1610 these observations
could and were reproduced by others):
Why
was this an important discovery
The satellites of Jupiter