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: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2004/es399/hw2.html
Дата изменения: Tue Feb 10 03:04:56 2004 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 00:42:26 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: hst |
The present peak power requirements of Eugene is 500 Megawatts (MW) with an average load of about 300 MW. There are 60,000 paying customers currently in Eugene. Approximately 1/3 of these are commercial customers which can be charged (either higher or lower) a different rate than residential customers.
Your goal is to outline an energy plan, based on the following alternatives (you could pick one, or you could pick several and mix and match) that will provide sustainable power at an affordable price to the citizens of Eugene. Whatever capital costs that you incur in building a facility should be amortized over 30 years ( the life of this contract). You may model energy conservation if you like in some reasonable way. In round numbers, the typical Eugene home today, assuming that heating is done by electrical means (baseboard, ceiling cable) requires 2KW of power averaged over the year.
In your report you should focus on 4 things, with the third thing occupying most of your time:
Note: This assignment is intensive, you should have each member of your group assigned a specific task in order to properly evaluate all the alternatives
You may choose from the following list of energy sources and mechanisms of energy storage. It is very important that you build energy storage capacity into your system (if that is needed).
Each storage facility that I describe below has a capacity of 200 Megawatts but variable durations over which that power can be delivered.
You need to realistically calculate the capital costs of building the facility, how much land it will utilize, and what the operating costs are. I will give you all the relevant numbers for this.
The way efficiency works is as follows:
1. Hydrogen: Efficiency = 25%. Energy storage = 40 kilowatt hours per gram. Hydrogen is separated from water via electrolysis and when burned recombines with oxygen to form water. Approximately 10% of the mass of water is in the form of hydrogen. A 10,000 liter facility (about 2500 gallons) that stores the hydrogen in cryogenic form, costs 2 million dollars to build and 0.5 cents per KWH to operate. Each 10,000 liter facility can produce energy for a period of 8 hours. The facility can be recharged in another 8 hour period.
Sodium-Sulfate Batteries: Efficinecy = 50%. Energy storage = 100 Watt hours per kilogram. Battery life is 72 hours. Charging period is 12 hours. The batteries cost 10 dollars per kilogram to manufacture. The operating costs for a 200 Megawatt facility are 1 cent per KWH.
Fused-Silica Flywheels: Each flywheel has a mass of 600 kg and a radius of 100 centimeters. Efficiency = 80%. Energy storage capacity per flywheel is 500 Watt hours. Each flywheel costs $10,000 to manufacture. Each flywheel can deliver energy continuously for 30 days before it needs to be recharged. The recharge period is 72 hours per flywheel. A 200 Megawatt facility would have an operating cost of 0.1 cents per KWH.
1. Solar PV Facility:
2. Salmon Friendly Hydro Power:
3. Wind Power:
4. Coal Burning
5. Biomass Burning Facility
Okay that's it. I have tried to be fairly realistic with the above numbers in order to reflect what the current costs are. You are to build an energy model from this array of power generating facilities and energy storage that you will be sustainable and deliver energy at a reasonable cost to the consumer. Your report should emphasize the four points outlined above.
Good luck.
PS:
Don't forget to factor in over-capacity as required for energy storage. That is, your generating power for immediate demand but also to be used at later times (like when the sun isn't up or when the wind isn't blowing)