White Man's method of Environmental Management

Population Growth and Finite Resources

Current Population Clocks

Some Issues:

• Is population growth really exponential in nature?
• Can the Clock be Stopped? the reality of Zero Population Growth
• Can new resources be found to replaced used resources?
• Can equilibrium be achieved through clever recycling?
• This is not my problem.

Zero Population Growth in the US:

This depends on three factors:

• The average births per female note, the rise in teenage pregnancy severely impacts this estimate
• The average life expectancy
• The annual net immigration rate

Three models (as of 1994):

Birth Rate	Expectancy	Immigration	Projections
1.9	75.3	350,000	293M (2030) 285M (2050)
2.2	82.6	880,000	263(1995) 392M(2050)
2.6	87.5	1.4 million	522M(2050)

In addition to this, the US population is undergoing a significant regional re-distribution

ZPG is only achieved in a model which limits immigration (a very politically sensitive issue), restricts birthrates to no more than 2 per female (more politics), and makes no attempt to increase life expectancy.

The fertility rate has gone up. In 1988 the rate was 1.8 per female, now its 2.0 this increase is entirely due to teenage pregnancy.

Equilibrium is difficult to achieve because exponential growth produces demographics such that they are substantially more people entering their reproductive years than those which are dying of old age.

What about ZPG for the World?

Worst case scenario assumes 2.5 children per couple 28 billion people by 2150

Best case assumes 1.7 7.8 billion in 2050 declining to 4.3 billion by 2150

Current fertility rate is 3.3. Fertility rate in 1970 was 4.5

The above calculations, however, do not adequately factor in increases in global life expectancy.

Recent information databases:

Very Latest Projections

Or here

Or here

Population Growth Map

The above map shows the that the "industrialized" world has stabilized somewhat to population growth rates less than 1% a year. But 1% is still a doubling time of 70 years and the calculated growth rates are based, in this study, on only 5 years worth of data.

What does fertility rate depend on? Regression (to be discussed later) suggests that literacy is a key factor.

Education may be the single biggest contributor towards ZPG.

When did we know there would be a problem?

Historical Estimates of World Population (accurate to 10--20%)

1000 AD 0.25 Billion

1100 AD 0.30

1200 AD 0.36

1250 AD 0.40

1300 AD 0.36 (three cheers for war and disease!)

1350 AD 0.44

1400 AD 0.35

1500 AD 0.43

1600 AD 0.55

1650 AD 0.47

So during this period of 650 years the world population was stable and fluctuated around a mean value of about 400 million.

Is this the "natural" carrying capacity of the planet?

1700 AD 0.60

1750 AD 0.63

1800 AD 0.82

1850 AD 1.13

Doubling time is approximately 150 years. Some scientists at the time began to express concern (e.g. Malthus )

1900 AD 1.55

1910 AD 1.75

1920 AD 1.86

1930 AD 2.07

1940 AD 2.30

1950 AD 2.55

2000 AD 6.50

Since 1900 the population of the world has grown by a factor of 4 (2 doubling times).

Summary of Population Data:

Clearly in the period 1200-1600 the population of the world was stabilized. Of course, the quality of life sucked big time.

Between 1900 and 1950 the world population rate grew at about 1% a year as shown below:

But projections based on that growth rate determined for 50 years of data would have been wrong.

Between 1950 and 1980 world population rate grew at a larger rate that 1% per year as shown below

In fact, the rate was closer to 1.8% per year which is almost a factor of 2 shorter doubling time!

Since 1980 there has been a small reduction in population growth down to about 1.65% per year.

Based on this data is fairly safe to assume, that if conditions do not change then the doubling time of the worlds population is 40--50 years.

The maximum rate ever observed, about 2.06%, occurred during the decade of the 60's. This was noticed and UN policy begin to dealt with the issue. Obviously, however, we are still growing exponentially at a significant rate.

What about other countries? Are there any that are approaching ZPG?

• Sweden: 1980 Population = 8.3 M; 1993 = 8.9M; growth rate = 0.3% per year doubling time = 210 years

• Mexico: 1982 Population = 70.7M; 1993 = 86.1 M; Growth rate = 1.8% per year doubling time = 38 years

• Egypt: Current population = 55 Million; Growth rate = 2.5% per year doubling time = 24 years

• Argentina: 1993: 33.5 M; Growth rate = 1.1% per year doubling time = 63 years

• India: 1993: 903M; Growth rate = 1.86% per year doubling time = 38 years

• China: 1993: 1.17B; Growth rate = 1.1% per year doubling time = 63 years
  

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