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: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l19.html
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Clearly, environmental pollution is unavoidable so informed decisions must be made.
Forms of Pollution:
Global Impact of Sources of Energy Generation:
Normally the carbon content of fuels (which is high) oxidizes during the combustion process to form CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Incomplete combustion leads to the formation of CO:
Sources of CO pollution: (million tons per year)
Motor Vehicles -------------> 54 Aircraft -------------------> 2 Coal -----------------------> 0.7 Fuel Oil -------------------> 0.1 Industrial Wood Processing--> 8.8 Forest Fires ---------------> 6.5
Automobiles dominate because the combustion of gasoline under conditions of high pressure is quite incomplete
Some Internet Resources on Pollution:
For the future our choices are:
Every form of energy generation has environmental fall-out. Can
we pick the best one globally and or locally? As long as the
decisions are driven by "voodoo" economics (i.e. heavy subsidy),
intelligent decisions are not likely to occur.
Most forms of alternative energy genearation require much less of
an organizational infrastructure. This means that a shift to
alternative energies means a loss of jobs. This is undesireable
to most politicians.
Evaluation Criteria for Alternative Energies:
Evaluation |
Solar Thermal |
PV |
Hydro |
Wind |
OTEC |
Tidal |
GEO |
Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capital Costs |
Large |
Large |
Enormous |
Moderate |
Enormous+ |
Enormous |
Small |
Small |
Operating Costs |
Moderate |
Moderate |
Neglegible |
Small |
Unknown |
Neglegible |
Small |
Moderate |
Efficiency |
15% |
5--10% |
80% |
42% |
7% + |
25% |
100% |
25% |
Renewable |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Erratic |
Yes |
Yes |
NO |
Maybe |
Storage |
Not Needed |
Unclear |
Built-IN |
Essential |
Not Needed |
Unclear |
Not Needed |
Not Needed |
Pollution |
None Really |
Waste Heat |
None |
Visual |
None |
None |
Steam Plumes |
Particulates; CO |
Levelized Costs |
25 cents KWH |
16 cents KWH |
4 cents KWH |
4.5 cents KWH |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Low |
Unknown |
Environmental Impact |
Moderate |
Large |
Enormous |
Small |
Unknown |
Outrageous |
Small |
Moderate |
Large Scale |
Too Expensive |
Possible but Expensive |
Proven already |
Very Possible |
The Solution |
Discrete Locations |
Discrete Locations |
Net Energy Gain? |
Small Scale |
NO |
Difficult |
Low Head --> Legal |
Definitely |
NO |
NO |
NO |
Absolutely |
Unit Capacity |
1000 MW |
Depends on Acreage |
2000-6000 MW |
Highly Variable |
As large as you need |
250 MW |
1000 MW |
50-100 MW |
Employment Opportunties |
Few |
Few |
Few |
Few |
Lots to build it |
Some |
Few |
Many |
What about Energy Storage?
Options:
We need better batteries period (also for electric vehicles): US is investing in this
Wind energy coupled with advanced battery design has real promise.
OTEC provides a truly large scale solution
Solar PV does not look economically viable
As of 1998 there remains little incentive to not look for new oil reserves