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: http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1995/ph161/l5.html
Дата изменения: Wed Oct 8 22:14:58 1997 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 00:08:18 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: rigel |
What is Energy?
Energy comes in many forms, kinetic, potential (stored), heat, etc. Energy is always conserved. It is not created or destroyed but is just transformed from one form to another. Newton's laws relate to energy as Energy = FORCE * DISTANCE
Similarly, a force can be described as the time rate of change of momentum of an object (see below).
In every day life a lot of energy is dissipated as heat due to
friction.
Let's do the experiment with friction turned on:
Notice that the smallest force can barely move the mass and that
it can't move the pyramid at all. This is because its force is
insufficient to overcome the frictional forces between the
pyramid and the ground.
In this simulation, even when the big
force pushes the pyramid its motion rapidly damps out; most of
the energy is dissipated as heat.
Frictional forces depend upon the total force which is directed perpendicular to the surface. The more weight per unit area, the larger the frictional force.
Here is a more complete description of friction.
Kinetic and Potential Energy:
Throwing a ball into the air represents a situation in which the total energy is fixed and there is a continous transformation from kinetic energy to potential energy.
Kinetic Energy = Energy Associated with Motion
1/2 mass * Velocity * Velocity = 1/2mv2
Momentum is Mass * Velocity = mv
Conservation of Momentum is a rule of mechanics. your intution has already told you about it.
Consider hitting a baseball. The bat, with some mv, makes impulsive contact with a ball - mbat is greater than mball and since:
then vball is greater than vbat (provided that you hit the ball and not just air).
Same principle holds in the situation of cannon recoil:
Potential Energy --> object has a position in a force field
Potential Energy = mass * grav. acceleration * height
PE = mgh
g = gravitational acceleration of the earth
since F = ma and since the earth exerts a continuous gravitational force on all objects of mass, m, then the manifest force is
F = mg --> this is what weight is !
Now look what Newton says we can now do