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Next: Conclusions
Up: Evolution
of the Double Previous: Calculation
of Binary Neutron
We conventionally assume a flat Universe so that
, with
and
being fractional contributions of matter and cosmological constant term
(Carroll et al., 1992).[27]
The present value of the Hubble constant is assumed to be 75 km s
Mpc
. The GRB were considered as standard candles with a proper luminosity
L and have a power-law spectrum
with a spectral
index s=1.5 (Schaefer et al., 1992).[172]
Briefly, the count rate at the detector from a source at a redshift z
is
where is a metric
distance (see Carroll et al., 1992).[27]
The number of events, N(>C), with
an observed count rate exceeding C is thus
The source evolution n(z) can easily
be obtained using the evolutionary Green function:
and the dependence t(z) for a particular
cosmological model.
Figure 55 shows the ``Green functions''
for the double compact binary merging rate evolution
assuming no collapse anisotropy. A very strong early
evolution with time is seen; however, even for an elliptical galaxy
the NS+NS merging rate is 1 per
yr for an age of
yr. The non-monotonic character of the merging rate evolution is due to
different contributions of different type binaries (by initial masses,
separations and types of first mass exchange); as the detailed shape is
of less importance for us now, we postpone discussing these interesting
features to a separate paper. We should, however, note that a small decrease
in the coalescence rate observed at the age of about
4 billion years is statistically significant and is caused by contributions
of evolutionary different types of NS+NS binaries (they originate from
different ranges of initial mass ratios and semi-major axes). This feature
can produce a notable decrease in the
-
curve slope at
the corresponding
. Thus, if
the drop in sources production rate after 4 billion years from the beginning
corresponds (for the flat Universe), somewhat surprisingly, just to the
feature visually seen in both second and third BATSE
catalog
-
curves; however, it would be prematurely to take the apparent feature seriously
due to its low statistical significance. Another way that diverse peculiarities
in the
-
distribution induced by the sources evolution could arise is connected
with a possible non-monotonic character of the star formation rate in galaxies.
Figure 55: Temporal evolution of NS+NS (filled circles) and NS+BH
(open circles) coalescence rates calculated for
binaries and normalized to a model elliptical galaxy with baryonic mass
(Lipunov et al., 1995e).
For a
spiral galaxy with constant star formation rate our
calculations give a binary NS coalescence rate of the
order of 1 per 5000 yr only slightly depending on the initial mass ratio
spectrum and assumptions about massive core collapse anisotropy.
This rate is close to the most ``optimistic'' estimates based on evolutionary
considerations (Lipunov et al., 1987a,[120]
1995a,e;[125] Tutukov and Yungelson,
1993a;[196] van den Heuvel, 1994).[205]
In our calculations, we used a smoothed evolutionary function assuming
the star formation to occur during the first 500 Myr in elliptical galaxies,
and constant in spiral galaxies. In fact, the results
proved to be only weakly sensitive to the smoothing over time provided
that it is less than 1 billlion years (the width of the wide peak of the
Green function; see Figure 55).
Our theoretical models depend on three unknown parameters,
,
,
, as well as on s. The calculated
-
distributions
were compared with the BATSE data by using the Mises-Smirnov
test (which gives essentially the same results as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
test, but uses a more smooth criterion for comparing observed and tested
distribution functions; see Bol'shev and Smirnov (1965)).[22]
Figure 56 shows two-dimensional cuts
through the parameter space. All three cuts show contour lines for confidence
level according to
test higher than 90 percent, with the maximum level being at
95 percent in all planes.
Figure 56: Confidence level contour lines (90 percent, 91 percent,
...) for
test in the
plane at
(a), in the
plane for
(b) and in the
plane for
(c). A flat cosmological model and GRB spectral index s=1.5
with the source evolution as in Figure 55
is adopted.
The calculated
-
distributions
are plotted in Figure 57 for different
star formation starting times
. Other parameters are fixed at the best-fit values
and
. The most prominent feature of the theoretical
-
obtained is a
notable sharp increase at low count rates due to evolutionary effects.
In terms of
-test,
such a turn-up of the
-
curve would lead
to a sharp increase of the average
values when weaker sources (i.e. farther sample limits) are taken into
account (Figure 58). The curves turn
out to be most sensitive to the parameter
and depend only slightly on other parameters. We also note that a flatter
GRB spectral index s=1 would favour earlier
initial star formation
and changes the
-
curves more at
lower
.
Figure 57:
-
diagram simulated
for sources evolving as shown in Figure 55
in a flat cosmological model with the best-fit vacuum energy
and parameter
. (Lipunov et al., 1995e).
Figure 58: Dependence of the differential
-test on sample limit redshift z for different epochs of the primordial
star formation
(Lipunov et al., 1995e).
If cosmological binary NS coalescences does underly
the GRB phenomenon, late epochs of initial star formation in galaxies (
) would be inconsistent
with the already existing BATSE data.