Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.students.chemport.ru/materials/groups/11/2001/hobp/answers.pdf
Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Jan 15 17:54:00 2009
Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 23:28:48 2012
Êîäèðîâêà:

Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: ori
Hl\_lugZ\hijhkuwdaZf_gZihOH;I

© Himera, 2004 (kiZkb[h::;h]^Zgh\m:FDhiueh\m bK>
1


,OIK
QlhlZdh_`bagvklhqdbaj_gbyobfbdZ " >ey obfbdZ `bagv wlh \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v [bheh]bq_kdZy de_ldZ b l_ obfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku dhlhju_ \ g_c ijhl_dZxl Obfbx bgl_j_kmxl g_ k\yab f_`^m de_ldZfb \ `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo beb nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ hj]ZgbafZ dZd p_eh]h Z ebrv hl^_evgu_ obfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku dhlhju_ fh]ml [ulv bkke_^h\Zgu dZd h[uqgu_ obfbq_kdb_ j_Zdpbb Kms_kl\m_l Zevl_jgZlb\gZy lhqdZ aj_gby obfby `bagb ± emqrbc kihkh[ nbgZgkbjh\Zgby gZmqguo bkke_^h\Zgbc Hkgh\gu_oZjZdl_jbklbdbde_ldb: De_ldZ± hldjulZy kbkl_fZ lh _klv kbkl_fZ h[f_gb\ZxsZyky k hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^hc dZdwg_j]b_clZdb\_s_kl\hf GD gZoh^blky \ nhjf_ gmde_hb^Z ± oZjZdl_jgu ^ey [Zdl_jbc \ wmdZjbhlbq_kdbo de_ldZo \_kv ]_g_lbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe gZoh^blky \ y^j_ Z lZd`_ bf_xlky fblhohg^jbb \ujZ[Zlu\Zxsb_ :LN ± lZdhc lbide_lhdoZjZdl_j_g^ey[hevrbgkl\Z`b\uohj]Zgbafh\ Hkgh\gu_ lbiu[bhihebf_jh\ bbonmgdpby Z ;_edb± \ukhdhfhe_dmeyjgu_ kh_^bg_gby ihkljh_ggu_ ba ihebi_ilb^guo p_i_c fhghf_jhfdhlhjuoy\eyxlky-LZfbghdbkehlu Nmgdpbb[_edh\: LjZgkihjlgZygZijbf_ji_j_ghk\_s_kl\Zq_j_a[bheh]bq_kdb_f_f[jZgu DZlZeblbq_kdZyn_jf_glu AZsblgZy dZd f_oZgbq_kdZy aZsblZ [bheh]bq_kdbo f_f[jZg lZd b aZsblZ bffmggZy KljmdlmjgZyh[jZah\Zgb_[bheh]bq_kdbof_f[jZgkh_^bgbl_evghcldZgb >\b]Zl_evgZy Kb]gZevgZy fgh]b_ [_edb y\eyxlky j_p_ilhjZfb \hkijbgbfZxsbfb bfimevku ijboh^ysb_hl^jm]bode_lhd [ Gmde_bgh\u_ dbkehlu± \ukhdhfhe_dmeyjgu_ ebg_cgu_ iheyjgu_ [bhihebf_ju ihebgmde_hlb^udhlhju_ihkljh_gubagmde_hlb^guohklZldh\ Nmgdpbbgmde_bgh\uodbkehl: :dlb\gh_ojZg_gb_]_g_lbq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbb>GD Hj]ZgbaZpbyi_j_^Zqb]_g_lbq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbb>GDbJGD Kbgl_aihebi_ilb^guop_i_c[_edZJGD DZlZebajb[habfu KljmdlmjZ [_edZQ_luj_mjh\gy hj]ZgbaZpbb kljmdlmju [_edZ
H I_j\bqgZy kljmdlmjZ [_edZ± ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv Zfbghdbkehlguo hklZldh\ kh_^bgzgguo i_ilb^gufb k\yayfb < ijbjh^guo [_edZo NH2 \klj_qZxlkylhevdh/Zfbghdbkehlu C COOH Hkh[_gghklb i_ilb^ghc k\yab ­ l(&±1 gZ f_gvr_ q_f \ R ^jm]bo fhe_dmeZo \jZs_gb_ aZljm^g_gh ij_bfms_l\_ggh ljZgk dhgnb]mjZpby Ijbf_ju ZfbghdbkehlmdZaZg5 +*O\ ± ]ebpbg &+3 (Ala ­ ZeZgbg 2


CH2OH (Ser ­ k_jbg &+2COOH (Asp ­ ZkiZj]bgh\Zy dbkehlZ &+2)4NH2 (/\V ± ebabg CH2Ph (Phe ­ n_gbeZeZgbg kdeZ^dZo [_edZ iZjZee_evgZy beb ZglbiZjZee_evgZy hjb_glZpbb < h[hbo kemqZyo ]b^jhnh[gu_ jZ^bdZeu gZijZ\e_gu gZjm`m ©aZsbsZyª hl \h^u\h^hjh^gu_k\yab Lj_lbqgZy kljmdlmjZ [_edZ± klZ[bebaZpby \lhjbqghc kljmdlmju aZ kqzl h[jZah\Zgby dhglZdlh\ f_`^m hl^_evgufb _z qZklyf h[jZam_lky fhe_dmeZ [_edZ \gmljb dhlhjhc h[uqgh gZoh^blkybahebjh\Zggh_hl\h^u©]b^jhnh[gh_y^jhª Q_l\_jlbqgZy kljmdlmjZ [_edZ± h[jZah\Zgb_ ZkkhpbZlh\ fhe_dme kljh_gb_ dhlhjuo mgbdZevghbhij_^_ey_lkyi_j\bqghkljmdlmjhc[_edZ 4. DhgnhjfZpby [_edZDhgnhjfZpbhggu_ i_j_oh^u DhgnhjfZpby [_edZ ± kljmdlmjZ h[jZamxsZyky [_a jZaju\Z dh\Ze_glguo k\ya_c \ i_j\bqghc kljmdlmj_ [_edZ dhgnhjfZpbb fh]ml jZaebqZlvky dZd dhebq_kl\hf kibjZe_c b kdeZ^hdlZdbbo\aZbfgufjZkiheh`_gb_f©mdeZ^dhcª\fhe_dme_ DhgnhjfZpbhggu_ i_j_oh^u gZ[ex^Zxlky \h fgh]bo [_edZo b aZqZklmx h[mkeh\eb\Zxl bo nmgdpbhgZevgu_ k\hckl\Z GZijbf_j \ ijhp_kk_ ijbkh_^bg_gby dbkehjh^Z d ]_fh]eh[bgm \ fhe_dme_ ihke_^g_]h ijhbkoh^yl dhgnhjfZpbhggu_ i_j_oh^u h[e_]qZxsb_ ijbkh_^bg_gb_ ihke_^mxsbo fhe_dme dbkehjh^Z kf Ih^h[gu_ ijhp_kku lZd`_ oZjZdl_jgu ^ey ljZgkihjlguo [_edh\ \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\[bheh]bq_kdbof_f[jZgkf KljmdlmjZ ]_fh]eh[bgZ k\yau\Zgbydbkehjh^Z ]_fh]eh[bghf F_oZgbaf

=_fh]eh[bg khklhbl ba q_lujzo km[t_^bgbp^\_ b ^\_ 3


dhfie_dkhf `_e_aZ\Z`gh bf_lv \ \b^m qlh \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ]_f \uklmiZ_l \ dZq_kl\_ eb]Zg^ZZ[_edh\ucnjZ]f_gl]eh[bg±\dZq_kl\_p_gljZevgh]hZlhfZ H^gmbaZdkbZevguo ihabpbc \ lZdhf dhfie_dk_ aZgbfZ_l ]bklb^bg \lhjZy± \ZdZglgZ _z fh`_l aZgylv fhe_dmeZ dbkehjh^Z < h[eZklb \ukhdbo ^Z\e_gbc dbkehjh^Z ]_fh]eh[bg ijbkh_^bgy_l d k_[_ q_luj_ fhe_dmeu H2 \ h[eZklb gbadbo ^Z\e_gbc± hl^Zzl bo lZd fh`_l hkms_kl\eylvky ljZgkihjl dbkehjh^Z \ `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo Ijbkh_^bg_gb_ dbkehjh^Z d ]_fh]eh[bgm y\ey_lky lZd gZau\Z_fuf dhhi_jZlb\guf ijhp_kkhf ihkdhevdm ijbkh_^bg_gb_ d i_j\hc km[t_^bgbp_ agZqbl_evgh mkdhjy_l ijbkh_^bg_gb_ d hklZevgufwlh k\yaZgh k baf_g_gb_f aZjy^h\h]h jZkij_^_e_gby \ fhe_dme_ ± gZ k\h[h^guo ]_fZo \hajZklZ_l iheh`bl_evguc aZjy^ wnn_dlb\g__ ijbly]b\Zxsbc d k_[_ g_ih^_ezggu_ iZju dbkehjh^Z =_fh]eh[bg \oh^bl \ khklZ\ wjbljhpblh\ djh\b :gZeh]bqguf h[jZahf jZ[hlZ_l fur_qguc [_ehd fbh]eh[bg khklhysbc ba \k_]h h^ghc km[t_^bgbpu \ dhlhjhc h^gZ fhe_dmeZ ]_fZ k\yaZgZ k iylvx kibjZevgufbnjZ]f_glZfb[_edZ KljmdlmjZbnmgdpby[bheh]bq_kdbof_f[jZg OX ;bheh]bq_kdb_ f_f[jZgu ­
-

OX

keh`gu_ \ukhdhhj]Zgbah\Zggu_ O P O O P Okbkl_fu khklhysb_ \ hkgh\ghf ba O O OH ebib^guo[bkehz\b[_edh\ H2C CH CH2 Ebib^gu_[bkehbknhjfbjh\Zgu H2C CH CH CH nhknhebib^Zfb± keh`gufb wnbjZfb O O NH CH ]ebp_jbgZ beb knbg]habgZ < h[hbo COR1 COR2 (CH2)12 COR1 kemqZyo 51 b 52 ± ^ebggu_ m]e_\h^hjh^gu_ njZ]f_glu K12 ­ CH3 K24 qZklh bf_xsb_ ^\hcgu_ k\yab \ Nhknhebib^u ± wnbju ]ebp_jbgZ b knbg]habgZ pbkdhgnb]mjZpbb ; ± h[uqgh + hklZlhd ohebgZ ±&+2CH2N (CH3)3. Me Knbg]hfb_ebgu oZjZdl_jgu lhevdh ^ey `b\hlguo de_lhd lh]^Z dZd CH (CH2)3 CH(CH3)2 Me ]ebp_jbgh\u_ nhknhebib^u \klj_qZxlky ihqlb \h \k_o `b\uo Me hj]ZgbafZo Nhknhebib^ bf__l ]b^jhnbevgucb]b^jhnh[gucdhg_p± ih^h[gh_ kljh_gb_ g_fbgm_fh HO ijb\h^bl d h[jZah\Zgbx [bkehz\ \ dhlhjuo ]b^jhnbevgu_ ohebgh\u_ Kljh_gb_ ohe_kl_jbgZ dhgpu hjb_glbjh\Zgu gZjm`m \ \h^gmx kj_^m Z ]b^jhnh[gu_ m]e_\h^hjh^gu_± \gmljv LhesbgZ lZdbo [bkehz\± ihjy^dZ å; [bkehb fh]ml h[jZah\Zlv ^ebggmx de_lhqgmx f_f[jZgm aZfdgmlvky \hdjm] h^ghc fhe_dmeu h[jZamy ebihkhfm beb `_ ihiZ\ \ \h^gmx kj_^m h[jZah\Zlv fbp_eem± qZklbpm dheehb^gh]h jZkl\hjZ KljmdlmjZ de_lhqghc f_f[jZgu y\ey_lky ^hklZlhqgh ]b[dhc ihwlhfm \ g_z fh]ml \kljZb\Zlvky hkh[u_ f_f[jZggu_ [_edb djhf_ wlh]h \gmlj_ggyy ]b^jhnh[gZy qZklv [bkehy kihkh[gZ jZkl\hjylv g_iheyjgu_fhe_dmeu±h[uqgh ohe_kl_jbg Nmgdpbb[bheh]bq_kdbof_f[jZg: H[jZah\Zgb_]jZgbpjZa^_eZZlZd`_dhfiZjlf_glh\±h[eZkl_c ©ijbgZ^e_`Zsboª de_ld_ K_e_dlb\gucljZgkihjl =_g_jZpbywg_j]bb I_j_^ZqZwe_dljbq_kdh]hkb]gZeZ K_gkhjgZy
4


LjZgkihjlfhe_dmeq_j_a[bheh]bq_kdb_f_f[jZgu LjZgkihjl q_j_a [bheh]bq_kdb_ f_f[jZgu fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ iZkkb\guc ijhbkoh^ysbc ih ]jZ^b_glm dhgp_gljZpbb b Zdlb\gucijhlb\ ]jZ^b_glZ dhgp_gljZpbb Hq_\b^gh qlh _keb iZkkb\guc ljZgkihjl ijhl_dZ_l kZfhijhba\hevgh lh Zdlb\guc ljZgkihjl lj_[m_l aZljZl wg_j]bb J_amevlZlhf iZkkb\gh]h ljZgkihjlZ klZgh\blky mjZ\gb\Zgb_ dhgp_gljZpbc lh]h beb bgh]h \_s_kl\Z ih jZagu_ klhjhgu hl f_f[jZgu lh]^Z dZd Zdlb\guc ljZgkihjl kha^Zzl jZaghklv dhgp_gljZpbc h[mkeh\eb\Zxsmx jZaghklv obfbq_kdboZbgh]^Zbwe_dljbq_kdbo±kf ihl_gpbZeh\gZf_f[jZg_ IZkkb\guc ljZgkihjl ijhbkoh^bl ih f_oZgbafm h[uqghc ^bnnmabbkZfhklhyl_evgh]h ijhgbdgh\_gby \_s_kl\Z kd\hav f_f[jZgm ± oZjZdl_jgh ^ey ]b^jhnh[guo fhe_dme k ihfhsvx ljZgkf_f[jZgguo [_edh\aZo\Zlu\Zxsbo i_j_ghkbfmx fhe_dmem b i_j_^Zxsbf _z q_j_a f_f[jZgm aZ kqzl kf_gu dhgnhjfZpbb beb q_j_a bhggu_ dZgZeu h[jZah\Zggu_ ki_pbZevguf [_edhf \kljh_gguf \ f_f[jZgm LZdb_ [_edb g_ y\eyxlky n_jf_glZfb \ lhqghf kfuke_ wlh]h keh\Z gh dZd [u dZlZebabjmxl i_j_ghk fhe_dme q_j_a f_f[jZgm h[eZ^Zy \ukhdhc ki_pbnbqghklvx Bhggu_ dZgZeu y\eyxlky madbfb aZiheg_ggufb \h^hc ihehklyfb jZaf_ju dhlhjuo lZdh\u qlh ijhimkdZxl lhevdh fhe_dmeu beb ]b^jZlbjh\Zggu_fhe_dmeu hij_^_ezggh]hjZaf_jZIjbf_jbhggh]hdZgZeZijb\_^zg\ :dlb\guc ljZgkihjl fh`_l [ulv i_j\bqguf beb \lhjbqguf < i_j\bqghf Zdlb\ghf ljZgkihjl_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh aZ^_ckl\m_lky wg_j]by ]b^jhebaZ :LJ ^h $'3 \h \lhjbqghf ljZgkihjl_ bklhqgbdhf wg_j]bb kem`bl h^gh\j_f_gguc i_j_ghk dZdh]heb[h \_s_kl\Z ih ]jZ^b_glm dhgp_gljZpbblh _klv iZkkb\guc ljZgkihjl I_j\bqguc Zdlb\guc ljZgkihjl gZb[he__ lbibq_g ^ey ijhlhgh\kf bhgh\ gZljbyb dZebykf Ze__ dZgZe km`Z_lky ijbqzf jZaf_ju ihehkl_c lZdh\u qlh \ gbo klZ[bebabjmxlky bhgu dZeby ]b^jZlbjh\Zggu_ \hk_fvx fhe_dmeZfb \h^u
5


F_oZgbaf jZ[hlu Na+ ­ K+gZkhkZ :dlb\guc ljZgkihjl bhgh\ gZljby b dZeby hkms_kl\ey_lky ki_pbZevgufn_jf_glhfNa.$73Zahc Wlhl n_jf_gl khklhbl ba ^\mo km[t_^bgbp dZ`^Zy ba dhlhjuo \kljh_gZ \ de_lhqgmx f_f[jZgm F_`^m km[t_^bgbpZfb gZoh^ylky g_kdhevdh ihehkl_c iheh`_gb_ dhlhjuo aZ\bkbl hl dhgnhjfZpbb [_edZ GZ i_j\hf wlZi_ jZ[hlu gZkhkZ [_ehd aZo\Zlu\Z_l ljb bhgZ Na+ b aZ kqzl wg_j]bb ]b^jhebaZ :LJ i_j_ghkbl ihehklb gZ \g_rgxx klhjhgm f_f[jZgu LZf bhgu gZljby hk\h[h`^Zxlky Z gZ bo f_klh ihiZ^Zxl ^\Z bhgZ .+ wlb bhgu i_j_f_sZxlky gZ \gmlj_ggxx klhjhgm f_f[jZgu b \uoh^yl \h \gmlj_ggxx kj_^m de_ldb ihke_ q_]h gZkhk ]hlh\ d gh\hfm pbdem LZdhc gZkhk kha^Zzl ih jZagu_ klhjhgu f_f[jZgu g_ lhevdh jZaghklv dhgp_gljZpbc gh b jZaghklvaZjy^h\lh_klvwe_dljbq_kdbcihl_gpbZeWlhlihl_gpbZegZau\Z_lkyf_f[jZgguf b fh`_l [ulv baf_j_g _]h \_ebqbgZ khklZ\ey_l ihjy^dZ ± f< jZaghklv f_`^m ihl_gpbZeZfb\gmljbbkgZjm`b 10. ;Zdl_jbhjh^hikbgdZdijhlhggZyihfiZ ;Zdl_jbhjh^hikbg ± ljZgkf_f[jZgguc lh _klv \kljh_gguc \ de_lhqgmx f_f[jZgm [_ehd khklhysbc ba kibjZe_c H[gZjm`_g \ [Zdl_jbyo khezguo hazj >ey i_j_ghkZ ijhlhgZ g_h[oh^bf k\_l ihwlhfm \ ijhp_kk_ i_j_ghkZ ^he`_g mqZkl\h\Zlv ih]ehlbl_ev k\_lZ Bf y\ey_lky j_lbgZev h^gZ ba ^\hcguo k\ya_c dhlhjh]h i_j_oh^bl \ pbkdhgnb]mjZpbx j_lbgZev ijbkh_^bgy_lky d Zahlm /\V k h[jZah\Zgb_f _gZfbgZ AZl_f ljzodhhj^bgbjh\Zgguc Zahl ijhlhgbjm_lky aZ kqzl $VS gZoh^blky gZ h^ghc klhjhg_ f_f[jZgu b ^_ijhlhgbjm_lky k i_j_oh^hf ijhlhgZ gZ $VS gZoh^blky gZ ^jm]hc klhjhg_ f_f[jZgu < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h ijhp_kkZ ijhlhg i_j_oh^bl q_j_a f_f[jZgm \ gZijZ\e_gbb ]jZ^b_glZ dhgp_gljZpbb G+± aZ kqzl k\_lh\hc wg_j]bb kha^Zzlky jZaghklv obfbq_kdbo ihl_gpbZeh\ ++ ih jZagu_ klhjhguf_f[jZgu
J_lbgZev
CHO

Kljh_gb_bf_oZgbafjZ[hlu:LJkbgl_lZau :LJkbgl_lZaZ± n_jf_gl h[_ki_qb\Zxsbc kbgl_a :LJ ba $'3 b nhknZlgh]h hklZldZ :LJ \kljh_gZ \ f_f[jZgm lZd gZau\Z_fhc -km[t_^bgbp_c gZ dhgp_ dhlhjhc q_j_^mykv jZkiheZ]Zxlky-b -km[t_^bgbpu WlZ kbkl_fZ bf__l ljb Zdlb\guo p_gljZ h^bg ba dhlhjuo k\h[h^_g ^jm]hc aZgbfZxl $'3 b nhknZlguc hklZlhd lj_lbc± :LJ Kbkl_fZ
6


ihklhyggh \jZsZ_lky \hdjm] -km[t_^bgbpu \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h h[jZam_lky$73 Wg_j]by g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey wlh]h ijhp_kkZ ihklZ\ey_lky [Zdl_jbhjh^hikbghf h[_ki_qb\Zxsbf µG+ ih jZagu_ klhjhgu f_f[jZgu N_jf_gl lZd`_ fh`_l \uklmiZlv \ dZq_kl\_ :LJZau, ljZgkihjlbjmyijhlhguijhlb\]jZ^b_glZdhgp_gljZpbbaZkqzlwg_j]bb:LJ KljmdlmjZ>GD I_j\bqgZy kljmdlmjZ >GD ± ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv gmde_hlb^h\ dhlhju_ \ k\hx hq_j_^v knhjfbjh\Zgu h^gbf hklZldhf nhknhjghc dbkehlu ¶^_ahdkbjb[hahc b h^gbf ba q_lujzo Zahlguo ]_l_jhpbdebq_kdbo hkgh\Zgbc NhknZlgu_ ]jmiiu ijbkh_^bg_gu d ¶ b ¶ZlhfZf m]e_jh^Z ^_ahdkbjb[hau Zahlgu_ hkgh\Zgby± d¶Zlhfm >ey L K b* \hafh`gZ d_lh_ghevgZy lZmlhf_jby qlh y\ey_lky h^ghc ba ijbqbg fmlZpbc khhlghr_gb_ d_lhgghc b _ghevghc nhjf h[uqgh jZ\gh 4 Kj_^gbc jZaf_j ]_gZ ± ihjy^dZgmde_hlb^h\ GD± ^\_ p_ihqdb k\hjZqb\Zxlky \ ^\hcgmx kibjZev aZ kqzl h[jZah\Zgby \h^hjh^guo k\ya_c f_`^m dhfiebf_glZjgufb iZjZfb Zahlguo hkgh\Zgbc A­T, C­G, ijZ\beh QZjl]ZnnZ). H^bg rZ] kibjZeb kh^_j`bl iZj gmde_hlb^h\ GD ihgb`Z_lky± ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby jZkiZ^ \lhjbqghc kljmdlmju ijb hoeZ`^_gbb ijhbkoh^bl j_gZlmjZpby± ih\lhjgh_ h[jZah\Zgb_ ^\hcghckibjZeb Lj_lbqgZy kljmdlmjZ >GD _keb ^\Z dhgpZ ^\hcghc kibjZeb k[ebaylky hgb fh]ml kh_^bgblvky h[jZah\Z\ dhevp_\mx fhe_dmem >GD Gb dhevp_\Zy gb qbklh ebg_cgZy nhjfZ
7


g_mklhcqb\u ihkdhevdm \ h[hbo kemqZyo hgb fh]ml k\_jgmlvky h[jZamy k\_jokibjZev, klZ[bebabjh\Zggmx ^hihegbl_evgufb dhglZdlZfb f_`^m jZagufb mqZkldZfb kibjZeb \hcgu_ kibjZeb k\hjZqb\Zxlky \ k\_jokibjZeb b jZa\hjZqb\Zxlky h[jZlgh ih^ ^_ckl\b_f hkh[uo n_jf_glh\± lhihbahf_jZaihlj_[eyxl wg_j]bx :LJ Z ihlhfmy\eyxlky:LJZaZfb KljmdlmjZbnmgdpbyJGD I_j\bqgZy kljmdlmjZ JGD h[jZah\ZgZ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx gmde_hlb^h\ kh^_j`Zsbo nhknZlguc hklZlhd hklZlhd jb[hau b Zahlgh]h hkgh\Zgby NhknZlu ijbkh_^bgyxlky dZd b \ kemqZ_ >GD d¶ b¶ ZlhfZf m]e_jh^Z jb[hauLbfbgaZf_gy_lkygZmjZpbe GDkf NmgdpbbJGD: I_j_^ZqZ]_g_lbq_kdhcbgnhjfZpbb Kbgl_aihebi_ilb^guop_i_c[_edZ DZlZeblbq_kdZyjb[habfu± n_jf_glu y\eyxsb_ky dhfie_dkZfb JGD b [_edZ JGD lZd`_ fh`_l dZlZebabjh\Zlv kZfZ k_[y \uklmiZy \ jheb JGDaZ\bkbfhc JGD ihebf_jZau J_iebdZpby>GD J_iebdZpby ± m^\h_gb_ fhe_dmeu >GD h[jZah\Zgb_ ba h^ghc fhe_dmeu ^\mo iheghklvxb^_glbqguobkoh^ghc Ijhp_kk j_iebdZpbb gZqbgZ_lky k jZkdjmqb\Zgby ^\hcghc kibjZeb >GD ijhbkoh^ys_]h ih^ ^_ckl\b_f n_jf_glh\ ]_ebdZa ihlj_[eyxl wg_j]bx :LJ b y\eyxlky :LJZaZfb kms_kl\mxl ^\Z lbiZ ]_ebdZa jZaebqZxsboky gZijZ\e_gb_f ^\b`_gby \^hev p_i_c>GDhl¶d¶bebgZh[hjhl GD\lhjhc dhg_p dhlhjuo aZdj_iezggZijbf_j \ dhevp_\uo >GD gZ[ex^Z_lky k\_jokibjZebaZpby mkljZgy_fZy ^_ckl\b_f lhihbahf_jZa JZkdjmqb\Zgb_ h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky k hkh[h]h mqZkldZ ori (origin of UHSOLFDWLRQ ihke_ q_]h dhevp_\u_ >GD jZkdjmqb\Zxlky kjZam \ ^\mo gZijZ\e_gbyo lh]^Z dZd \ ebg_cguo fhe_dmeZo >GD jZkdjmqb\Zgb_ ijhbkoh^bl lhevdh \
8


h^gm klhjhgm k h[jZah\Zgb_f \bedb j_iebdZpbb GZ \bed_ j_iebdZpbb gZqbgZ_lky \ukljZb\Zgb_gh\uop_i_c >ey \ukljZb\Zgby gh\hc p_ib g_h[oh^bfu n_jf_gl >GDihebf_jZaZ g_ ihlj_[ey_l wg_j]bx :LJ ihkdhevdm ^ey h[jZah\Zgby gh\uo k\ya_c bkihevam_lky wg_j]by ibjhnhknZlguo k\ya_c km[kljZlZ fZljbpZ bkoh^gZy p_iv km[kljZl ^_ahdkbjb[hgmde_hab^¶ ljbnhknZl b jZklmsZy p_iv d dhlhjhc¨ijbrb\Z_lky´ gh\uc gmde_hlb^ < gZqZe_ j_iebdZpbb mqZkldh\ jZklms_c p_ib _sz g_l ihwlhfm g_h[oh^bfu ijZcf_ju ­ ¨aZljZ\hqgu_´ njZ]f_glu khklhysb_ ba g_kdhevdbo gmde_hlb^h\ IjZcf_ju kha^Zxlky ijb ihfhsb n_jf_glZ ijZcfZau h[_ki_qb\Zxs_]h kbgl_a dhjhldbo jb[hgmde_hlb^guo mqZkldh\\g_dhlhjuof_klZofZl_jbgkdhcp_ibhgbjZa[jhkZgug_i_jbh^bqghkbgl_j\Zehf \ g_kdhevdh ^_kyldh\ gmde_hlb^h\ Ihke_ ihy\e_gby ijZcf_jZ gZqbgZ_lky gZjZsb\Zgb_ gh\hc p_ib ijb ihfhsb >GDihebf_jZau H^gZdh \ hlebqb_ hl ]_ebdZa >GDihebf_jZaZ fh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky lhevdh hl¶dhgpZ d¶dhgpm p_ib ih wlhc ijbqbg_ lhevdh ^ey h^ghc (\_^ms_c p_ib gZijZ\e_gb_ jZkdjmqb\Zgby kh\iZ^Z_l k gZijZ\e_gb_f gZjZsb\Zgby gh\hc p_ib GDihebf_jZau eb[h k ihfhsvx hkh[h]h n_jf_glZ JGDZau G. Krb\Zgb_ hl^_evguo njZ]f_glh\ HdZaZdb hk\h[h`^zgguo hl ijZcf_jh\ hkms_kl\ey_lky ijbihfhsb>GDeb]Zau. LjZgkdjbipby LjZgkdjbipby± ijhp_kk [bhkbgl_aZ JGD gZ fZljbp_ >GD H[jZamxsb_ky p_ib JGD \ ^Zevg_crbf fh]ml ij_\jZsZlvky \h \k_ ljb \b^Z JGD lh _klv bkihevah\Zlvky ijb ljZgkeypbbdZdfJGDbeblJGDZlZd`_nhjfbjh\ZlvjJGD GD gZ dhlhjhf \ ^Zgguc fhf_gl ijhbkoh^bl kbgl_a JZkdjmqb\Zgb_ ijhbkoh^bl ih^ ^_ckl\b_f n_jf_glh\ ]_ebdZa. BgbpbZpby ijhl_dZ_l gZ kljh]h hij_^_ezgguo mqZkldZo fZljbpu gZau\Z_fuo ijhfhlhjZfb hgb k_e_dlb\gh \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k hkgh\guf n_jf_glhf ljZgkdjbipbb ± JGD ihebf_jZahc kljmdlmju ijhfhlhjh\ jZaebqgu h^gZdh \k_ hgb ^ey dZ`^hc dhgdj_lghc JGDihebf_jZau [ebadb d g_dhc b^_Zevghc gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\ghc \ kfuke_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by k n_jf_glhf ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb dhgk_gkmkZ Ijb bgbpbZpbb JGDihebf_jZaZ dZd [u
9


©aZdj_iey_lkyª gZ jZkdjmq_gghf mqZkld_ h^ghc ba p_i_c >GD b dZlZebabjm_l j_Zdpbx bgbpbZpbb aZdexqZxsmxky \ krb\Zgbb i_j\uo ^\mo jb[hgmde_hab^ljbnhknZlh\ gh\hc p_ib khhl\_lkl\mxsbo gm`ghfm mqZkldm fZljbqghc p_ib pppX1­OH + pppX2­OH pppX1pX2­OH + PPi AZl_f JGDihebf_jZaZ gZqbgZ_l ^\b]Zlvky \^hevjZkdjmqb\Zxs_ckyp_ib>GD^hkljZb\Zy\ gh\mx p_iv ke_^mxsb_ gmde_hlb^u Ijb wlhf ©hljZ[hlZggu_ª mqZkldb >GD k\hjZqb\Zxlky h[jZlgh \ kibjZev g_ aZljZ]b\Zy h[jZamxsmxky fhe_dmemJGD L_jfbgZpby ljZgkdjbipbb ^h dhgpZ g_ bamq_gZ ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh ijbqbghc l_jfbgZpbb y\ey_lky ihy\e_gb_ \ \ukljZb\Z_fhc JGD ribe_d ^ey h[jZah\Zgby dhlhjuo dhg_p p_ib hlju\Z_lky hl JGDihebf_jZau ij_ju\Zy ljZgkdjbipbx GD Ihke_ hdhgqZgby ljZgkdjbipbb kbgl_abjh\ZggZy JGD fh`_l ij_l_ji_\Zlv kZfu_ jZagu_ ij_\jZs_gby \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl k\h_]hij_^gZagZq_gby =_g_lbq_kdbcdh^ =_g_lbq_kdbc dh^± khhl\_lkl\b_ f_`^m dh^hgZfbljhcdZfb gmde_hlb^h\ b ZfbghdbkehlZfb K\hckl\Z]_g_lbq_kdh]hdh^Z: Ljbie_lguc ey jZkrbnjh\db ]_g_lbq_kdh]h dh^Z bkihevamxl ki_pbZevgh kbgl_abjh\Zggu_ f JGD khklhysb_ ba h^gh]h b lh]h `_ ih\lhjyxs_]hky dh^hgZ ijb \\_^_gbb lZdhc fJGD \ jb[hkhfmkbgl_abjm_lky[_ehdkhklhysbc ba \k_]h h^ghc Zfbghdbkehlu± lhc qlhdh^bjm_l wlhldh^hg ;bhkbgl_a[_edZ LjZgkeypby±i_j_\h^]_g_lbq_kdh]hdh^Z kyaudZihke_^h\Zl_evghklbgmde_hlb^h\ JGD dhibb ]_gZ \ Zfbghdbkehlgmx ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv[_edZ LjZgkeypby ijhbkoh^bl gZ jb[hkhf_ ­ hj]Zg_ee_ de_ldb khklhys_c ba ^\mo km[t_^bgbp[hevrhc b fZehc Fhe_dmeZ f JGD gZoh^blky f_`^m [hevrhc b fZehc km[t_^bgbpZfb ijbqzf jb[hkhfZ fh`_l i_j_^\b]Zlvky \^hev fJGD hl¶ d¶dhgpm :fbghdbkehlu g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey kbgl_aZ ihklZ\eyxlky ZfbghZpbelJGD,
10


h[jZamxsbfbky ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb Zfbghdbkehlu b lJGD \ ijbkmlkl\bb n_jf_glZ ZfbghZpbelJGD kbgl_lZau Ijb wlhf ki_pbnbqghklv \aZbfh^_ckl\by hij_^_ezgguo lJGD k hij_^_ezggufb ZfbghdbkehlZfb hij_^_ey_lky bkdexqbl_evgh ki_pbnbqghklvx n_jf_glZ Z g_ Zglbdh^hghflJGD :fbghZpbelJGD aZdj_ieyxlky gZ fJGD aZ kqzl \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m dh^hghf b Zglbdh^hghf h[uqgh kh_^bgyxlky dhfiebf_glZjgu_ iZju hkgh\Zgbc ohly \ g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo lZd`_ \hafh`gh k\yau\Zgb_ Zglbdh^hgZ kh^_j`Zs_]h h^gh g_dhfiebf_glZjgh_ d dh^hgm hkgh\Zgb_ GZ klZ^bb bgbpbZpbb bgbpbZlhjgZy f_lbhgbgh\Zy lJGD Z lZd`_ ©ke_^mxsZyª ih dh^m lJGD k\yau\Zxlky k khk_^gbfb dh^hgZfb fJGD ihke_ q_]h ijhbkoh^bl i_j_ghk njZ]f_glZ f_lbhgbgZ gZ khk_^gxxlJGDkh[jZah\Zgb_fi_ilb^ghck\yab H3C­CH2CH2CH(Z)­CO­O­tRNAMet + NH3+CHR2CO­O­tRNA(2) H3C­CH2CH2CH(Z)­CO­NHCHR2CO­O­tRNA(2) + tRNAMet. AZl_f ijh^he`Z_lky ZgZeh]bqguc ijhp_kk dZlZebabjm_fuc n_jf_glhf i_ilb^be ljZgkn_jZahc kh^_j`Zsbfky \ jb[hkhfZoh[jZah\Zgb_ i_ilb^ghc k\yab g_ lj_[m_l :LJ± wg_j]by aZiZkZ_lky jZgvr_ gZ klZ^bb h[jZah\Zgby ZfbghZpbelJGD < j_amevlZl_ i_ilb^gZy p_iv ihkl_i_ggh gZjZsb\Z_lky hl 1dhgpZ d &dhgpm MqZklhd jb[hkhfu kh^_j`Zsbc ZfbghZpbelJGD gZau\Zxl :mqZkldhf Z mqZklhd kh^_j`Zsbc lJGD g_kmsmx i_ilb^ ± JmqZkldhf Ihke_ i_j_ghkZ i_ilb^gh]h njZ]f_glZ gZ hq_j_^gmx Zfbghdbkehlm jb[hkhfZ k^\b]Z_lky gZ ljb dh^hgZ \^hev fJGD lZd qlh[u lJGD g_kmsZy i_ilb^ \gh\v hdZaZeZkv gZ JmqZkld_ >ey mkdhj_gby ijhp_kkZ ljZgkeypbb bkihevamxl ihebkhfu±dhfie_dkukhklhysb_ba[hevrh]hqbkeZjb[hkhf Dh^hgZfl_jfbgZlhjZf g_ khhl\_lkl\m_l gb h^gZ ZfbghdbkehlZ ihwlhfm ijb ^hklb`_gbb h^gh]h ba lZdbo dh^hgh\ i_ilb^gZy p_iv h[ju\Z_lky Z h[jZah\Z\rbcky [_ehd hlju\Z_lkyhllJGD 18. IeZafb^ub\bjmku IeZafb^Z ± g_[hevrZy dhevp_\Zy fhe_dmeZ >GD khklhysZy ba g_kdhevdbo lukyq gmde_hlb^h\ IeZafb^u h[uqgh kh^_j`Zlky \ ijhdZjbhlbq_kdbo de_ldZo b y\eyxlky gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZgzgguf \_dlhjhf\]_gghcbg`_g_jbbkf GD beb JGD H[s_c aZ^Zq_c \k_o \bjmkh\ y\ey_lky \g_^j_gb_ k\h_]h ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ de_ldm
11


ijb\h^ys__ d kbgl_am ki_pbnbq_kdbo [_edh\ \bjmkZ < ^Zevg_cr_f wlb [_edb kihkh[kl\mxl h[jZah\Zgbx gh\uo \bjmkguo qZklbp dhlhju_ aZl_f \uoh^yl ba de_ldb jZajmrZy _z f_f[jZgm Ki_pbnbq_kdb_ \bjmku ZlZdmxsb_ [Zdl_jbb gZau\Zxl [Zdl_jbhnZ]Zfb; hgb dZd b ieZafb^u gZreb ijbf_g_gb_ \]_gghcbg`_g_jbbkf F_oZgbaf \g_^j_gby ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ \bjmkZ \ ]_ghf de_ldb aZ\bkbl hlkljh_gby \bjmkZ ?keb \bjmk kh^_j`bl ^\mgbl_\mx >GD lh ihiZ^Zy \ de_ldm hgZ mqZkl\m_l \ ijhp_kk_ ljZgkdjbipbb lhqgh lZd`_ dZd >GD de_ldb < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h gZqbgZ_lky kbgl_a ki_pbnbq_kdbo [_edh\ \bjmkZ dhlhju_ aZqZklmx fh]ml \uklmiZlv \ jheb ijZcf_jh\ mijhsZy ijhp_kk ljZgkdjbipbb ?keb \bjmk kh^_j`bl h^ghgbl_\mx >GD lh hgZ \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v mqZkl\m_l \ ijhp_kk_ h[jZah\Zgby j_iebdZlb\ghc nhjfu >GD ^hkljZb\Zgbb \lhjhc p_ib ijb wlhf bkoh^gZy p_iv gZau\Z_lky iexkp_ivx Z ^hkljh_ggZy ± fbgmkp_ivx AZl_f gZ fbgmkp_ib gZqbgZ_lky \ukljZb\Zgb_ gh\uo iexkp_i_c dhlhju_ eb[h ij_\jZsZxlky \ gh\u_ j_iebdZlb\gu_ nhjfu >GD eb[h \oh^yl \ khklZ\ gh\uo \bjmkguo qZklbp JGDkh^_j`Zsb_ \bjmku fh]ml bf_lv dZd iexk lZd b fbgmkp_ib JGD Hlebqb_ iexkp_i_c khklhbl \ lhf qlh hgb fh]ml \uklmiZlv \ dZq_kl\_ fJGD ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Z [_edh\gZjb[hkhfZode_ldbGDihebf_jZam h[_ki_qb\Zxsbc h[jZlgmx ljZgkdjbipbx± kbgl_a gblb >GD gZ fZljbp_ \bjmkghc JGD AZl_f lhl `_ kZfuc n_jf_gl ihkl_i_ggh jZajmrZ_l bkoh^gmx p_iv JGD Z h^ghgbl_\Zy >GD ^hkljZb\Z_lky ^h ^\mgbl_\hc >GD Ihke_^gyy \kljZb\Z_lky\>GDde_ldbohaybgZbijbgbfZ_lmqZklb_\ijhp_kkZoljZgkdjbipbb J_]meypbyljZgkdjbipbb]_gh\ =_gu \ >GD fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ dhgklblmlb\gu_jZ[hlZxsb_ \ ihklhygghf j_`bf_ ± \k_]^Z ih^\_j]Z_fu_ ljZgkdjbipbb b j_]mebjm_fu_ J_]meypby ljZgkdjbipbb j_]mebjm_fuo ]_gh\ hkms_kl\ey_lky ijb ihfhsb ki_pbZevguo j_]meylhjguo [_edh\ ;_edb ih^Z\eyxsb_ ljZgkdjbipbx ]_gZ gZau\Zxlky j_ij_kkhjZfb Z Zdlb\bjmxsb_ ljZgkdjbipbx± Zdlb\ZlhjZfbbg^mdlhjZfb F_oZgbaf ^_ckl\by j_]meylhjguo [_edh\ k\yaZg k h[jZah\Zgb_f dhfie_dkZ k hij_^_ezgguf mqZkldhf fhe_dmeu >GD gZau\Z_fuf hi_jZlhjhf Hi_jZlhj jZkiheZ]Z_lky jy^hf k ijhfhl_jhf b aZljm^gy_l \aZbfh^_ckl\b_
12


ijhfhl_jZ k JGDihebf_jZahc ih^Z\eyyljZgkdjbipbx MqZklhd >GD ih^\_j]Z_fuc j_]meypbb gZau\Z_lky hi_jhghf b \dexqZ_l \ k_[y ijhfhl_j hi_jZlhj dh^bjmxsmx qZklv b l_jfbgZlhju ljZgkdjbipbb J_ij_kkby ljZgkdjbipbb fh`_l ijhbkoh^blv \ jZaguo kemqZyo ijhba\h^kl\h [_edZ dZlZebabjmxs_]h ]b^jheba eZdlhau ih^Z\ey_lky ijb hlkmlkl\bb eZdlhau ijhba\h^kl\h [_edZ dZlZebabjmxs_]h j_Zdpbx h[jZah\Zgby ljbilhnZgZ ih^Z\ey_lky ijbihy\e_gbbba[uldZljbilhnZgZ Klhev ijhklZy kblmZpby j_Zebam_lky lhevdh ^ey ijhdZjbhlbq_kdbo de_lhd < wmdZjbhlZo k\yab f_`^m hi_jZlhjZfb b j_]mebjm_fufb ]_gZfb [he__ keh`gu± h^gbf [_edhf fh`_l dhgljhebjh\Zlvky Zdlb\ghklv kjZam g_kdhevdbo ]_gh\ h^gZdh aZqZklmx Zdlb\ghklv h^gh]h ]_gZ hij_^_ey_lky kjZam g_kdhevdbfbj_]meylhjgufb[_edZfb =_g_lbq_kdZybg`_g_jby Hkgh\gufb aZ^ZqZfb ]_g_lbq_kdhc bg`_g_jbb y\eyxlky bkdmkkl\_gguc kbgl_a [_edh\ gZjb[hkhfZo`b\hcde_ldb Z lZd`_ k_e_dlb\gh_ baf_g_gb_ lbibqguo [_edh\ de_ldb aZ kqzl baf_g_gby _z ]_g_lbq_kdh]h dh^Z >ey wlh]h \ >GD de_ldb gm`gh \\_klb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ g_h[oh^bfhfm [_edm ]_gu Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ ]eZ\ghc aZ^Zq_c ]_gghc bg`_g_jbb klZgh\blky hl[hjg_h[oh^bfuo]_gh\bojZafgh`_gb_b\g_^j_gb_\de_ldb^ey\ujZ[hldb[_edZ Hl[hj ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ ijhba\h^blky g_kdhevdbfb kihkh[Zfb fh`gh kbgl_abjh\Zlv bkdhfmx ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv gmde_hlb^h\ obfbq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb fh`gh \u^_eblv ba de_lhd kh^_j`Zsbo wlhl ]_g \k_ fJGDb i_j_\_klb bo \ >GD k ihfhsvx h[jZlghc ljZgkdjbipbb ± kf beb `_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh \uj_aZlv k ihfhsvx ki_pbZevguon_jf_glh\ gm`gucmqZklhd>GDey jZafgh`_gby ihemq_ggh]h ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ g_h[oh^bfh \\_klb _]h \ de_ldm bkihevamy lZd gZau\Z_fu_ \_dlhjZ ± fhe_dmeu >GD kihkh[gu_ Z\lhghfgh jZafgh`Zlvky \gmljb de_ldb Hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z \_dlhjh\ kihkh[ghklv d Z\lhghfghc j_iebdZpbb gZebqb_ mgbdZevguo mqZkldh\ jZks_ie_gby ih^ ^_ckl\b_f wg^hgmde_Za j_kljbdpbb gZebqb_ fZjd_jguo [_edh\khhl\_lkl\b_ ]_g_lbq_kdh]h dh^Z \_dlhjZ [_edZf h[eZ^Zxsbf ki_pbnbq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb H[uqgh \ dZq_kl\_ \_dlhjh\ bkihevamxl ieZafb^ub\bjmkuhkh[_ggh[Zdl_jbhnZ]b JZkkfhljbf ^Zevg_crb_ ij_\jZs_gby gZ ijbf_j_ \kljZb\Zgby bkke_^m_fh]h ]_gZ \ ieZafb^m S%5 kh^_j`Zsmx ]_gu mklhcqb\hklb d Zglb[bhlbdZf Zfibpbeebgm b l_ljZpbdebgm Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f n_jf_glZ hlghkys_]hky d ]jmii_ wg^hgmde_Za j_kljbdpbb n_jf_glu k_e_dlb\gh jZks_ieyxsb_ gmde_hlb^gmx p_iv \ h^ghf dhgdj_lghf f_kl_ lZdZy ieZafb^Z jZkdju\Z_lky gZ mqZkld_ hl\_lkl\_gghf aZ mklhcqb\hklv d Zfibpbeebgm Ijb wlhf h[jZam_lky ebg_cgZy fhe_dmeZ bf_xsZy lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ebidb_ dhgpu (h^ghgbl_\u_ njZ]f_glu d(S7S&S&S$ ±2+ d dhlhjuf e_]dh fh`_l ijbkh_^bgblvky gmde_hlb^ h[eZ^Zxsbc g_h[oh^bfuf gZ[hjhf khijy`zgguo hkgh\Zgbc ?keb \kljZb\Z_fuc ]_g_lbq_kdbc gZ[hj ihemq_g obfbq_kdbf imlzf lh \g_^j_gb_ lZdbo gZ[hjh\ gZdhgpZop_ibg_khklZ\ey_lljm^Z_keb`_njZ]f_gl[ue\u^_e_g ba fJGD>GD de_ldb lh g_h[oh^bfu_ ebidb_ dhgpu h[jZamxlky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f n_jf_glZ ^_ahdkbgmde_hlb^be
13


ljZgkn_jZau Ihke_ kh_^bg_gby ebidbo dhgph\ \ j_amevlZl_ ^_ckl\by >GDihebf_jZau b >GDeb]Zau \hagbdrb_ \ oh^_ kbgl_aZ©^ujdbª aZrb\Zxlky h[jZam_lky gh\Zy ieZafb^Z kh^_j`ZsZy g_h[oh^bfuc ]_g b gZau\Z_fZy j_dhf[bgZglghc >GD Ihemq_ggu_ lZdbf imlzfieZafb^u\g_^jyxlky\de_ldmohaybgZ]^_gZqbgZxlj_iebpbjh\Zlvky F_`^m l_f bkke_^m_fuc ]_g \g_^jy_lky ^Ze_dh g_ \h \k_ ieZafb^u ^ey hl[hjZ g_h[oh^bfuo ieZafb^ lj_[m_lky ijhp_^mjZ gZau\Z_fZy dehgbjh\Zgb_f >GD >A> kdjbgbg]hf ©jZa[hjdhcª ihemq_gguo fhe_dme < ijbgpbi_ dehg± ]_g_lbq_kdb b^_glbqgh_ ihlhfkl\h h^ghc de_ldb ihwlhfm kZfh ihgylb_ ©dehgbjh\Zgb_ >GDª [_kkfuke_ggh H^gZdh ljZ^bpbhggh ijhp_kk jZafgh`_gby ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ gZau\Zxl bf_ggh lZd ihkdhevdm \ oh^_ jZafgh`_gby j_dhf[bgZglguo >GD h[jZamxlky dehgu ± k_f_ckl\Z ]_g_lbq_kdb b^_glbqguo de_lhd >ey hl[hjZ g_h[oh^bfuo de_lhd bkihevamxl k\hckl\Z mklhcqb\hklb d Zglb[bhlbdZf \gZqZe_ dehgu ihf_sZxl gZ l_ljZpbdebg hlk_b\Zxlky ieZafb^u \ dhlhjuo \g_^j_gb_ ijhbahreh \ g_ijZ\bevghf f_kl_ aZl_f± gZ Zfibpbeebg jZa^_eyxlky j_dhf[bgZglgu_ >GD b bkoh^gu_ ieZafb^u S%5 Kms_kl\m_l b ^jm]hc kihkh[ hl[hjZ gZau\Z_fuc fhe_dmeyjghc ]b[jb^baZpb_c d oZjZdl_jghfm mqZkldm \kljZb\Z_fh]h ]_gZ ijbkh_^bgyxl ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv dhfiebf_glZjguo gmde_hlb^h\ g_kmsmx jZ^bhZdlb\gmx f_ldm ihke_ q_]h hl^_eyxl jZ^bhZdlb\gu_ >GD hl g_jZ^bhZdlb\guo Ih^h[gZy hi_jZpby hkh[_ggh g_h[oh^bfZ \ lhf kemqZ_ dh]^Z bkihevam_fuc ]_g_lbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe g_ y\ey_lky qbkluf Z \u^_e_g ba >GD beb fJGD \gZqZe_ h[jZam_lky lZd gZau\Z_fZy [b[ebhl_dZ dhfiebf_glZjguo >GD (d>GD ba dhlhjhc g_h[oh^bfh\u[jZlvgm`gmx LZdbf imlzf hkms_kl\ey_lky jZafgh`_gb_ ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ _keb p_evx bkke_^h\Zgbyy\ey_lkykbgl_a[_edZgZijbjh^ghcjb[hkhf_lh\dZq_kl\_\_dlhjZ\u[bjZxl ieZafb^m jZaju\Zxsmxky \[ebab mqZkldZ kh^_j`Zs_]hZdlb\gucijhfhl_jGD Zdlb\bjh\ZgZ ljZgkdjbipby \kljh_ggh]h mqZkldZ qlh ijb\h^bl d Zdlb\ghc wdkij_kkbb \g_^jzggh]h ]_gZ 21. J_dhf[bgZglgu_>GD Kf KljmdlmjZ KieZckbg] ]_gh\ wmdZjbhl

>Ze_dh g_ \k_ ]_gu wmdZjbhlh\ dh^bjmxl g_h[oh^bfmx ^ey de_ldb bgnhjfZpbx MklZgh\e_gh qlh ^hklZlhqgh ijhly`zggu_ mqZkldb fJGD gZau\Z_fu_ bgljhgZfb \hh[s_ g_ dh^bjmxl Zfbghdbkehlu Z y\eyxlky g_ g_kmsbfb dh^ \klZ\dZfb GZb[he__ yjdh ih^h[gZy kblmZpby ijhy\ey_lky \ ojhfhkhfZo wmdZjbhl ]^_ >GD gZoh^blky \ nhjf_ i_j_ie_lzgguo ^jm] k ^jm]hf p_i_c ijbqzf mqZkldb g_kmsb_ bgnhjfZpbxwdahgu aZgbfZxl ebrv hdheh ^ebgu wlbo p_i_c Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ \h \k_o wmdZjbhlbq_kdbo de_ldZo \ oh^_ ljZgkdjbipbb \gZqZe_ h[jZamxlky ij_f JGD lhqgu_ dhibb h^ghc ba p_i_c >GD dhlhju_ aZl_f hk\h[h`^Zxlky hl bgljhgh\ ijb ihfhsbhi_jZpbbkieZckbg]Z. Obfbq_kdbc f_oZgbaf kieZckbg]Z aZdexqZ_lky \ ZlZd_ HG]jmiiu Z^_ghabevgh]h hklZldZ bgljhgZ ih nhknh^bwnbjghc k\yab gZ¶dhgp_ bgljhgZ bgljhg h[jZam_l i_lex Z ijbkh_^bgzgguc d¶ dhgpm wdahg ZlZdm_l¶ dhg_p bgljhgZ < j_amevlZl_ bgljhg hl^_ey_lky \ \b^_ i_leb Z wdahgu kh_^bgyxlky \ h[smx p_iv DZlZebaZlhjhf wlh]h ijhp_kkZ kqblZxl kZfmfhe_dmemJGD±h^bgbaijbf_jh\dZlZebaZjb[habfh\kf 23. Ihebf_jZagZyp_igZyj_Zdpby
14


Ihebf_jZagZy p_igZy j_Zdpby± kihkh[ \hkijhba\_^_gby ]_g_lbq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ [_a mqZklby \_dlhjh\ b de_lhdohay_\ >ey hkms_kl\e_gby lZdhc j_Zdpbb g_h[oh^bfu ^\Z ijZcf_jZ b l_jfhklZ[bevgZy >GDihebf_jZaZ \u^_ey_fZy ba l_jfhnbevguo fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ GD gZ]j_\Zxl ^h0 ^ey jZa^_e_gby p_i_c aZl_f kf_kv hoeZ`^Zxl± ijhbkoh^bl ijbkh_^bg_gb_ ijZcf_jh\ ihke_ q_]h gZ wlbo ijZcf_jZo gZqbgZ_lky kbgl_a gh\uo p_i_c Fgh]hdjZlgh_ \hkijhba\_^_gb_ ^hklb]Z_lky ih\lhj_gb_f wlhc ijhp_^mju dZ`^uc jZa \ ijhf_`mld_ f_`^m ^\mfy ijZcf_jZfb h[jZam_lky iZjZ gh\uo p_i_ciheghklvxb^_glbqguobkoh^guf kbg^jhf ijbh[j_lzggh]h bffmgh^_nbpblZ q_eh\_dZ
15


Kbkl_fui_j_^Zqbkb]gZeh\\de_ldm _e_gb_de_ldZ ^_eblky ijbqzf jZa\blb_ ^\mo gh\uo de_lhd ijhbkoh^bl ihjZaghfm Kf_jlvkZfhjZajmr_gb_ de_ldb± Zihilha qZklh hdZau\Z_lky hl\_lhf gZ ^_ckl\b_ \bjmkZ ijb lZdhf jZajmr_gbb de_ldZ ihkl_i_ggh jZajmrZ_lky Z nZ]hpblu e_]dh i_j_jZ[Zlu\Zxl _z hklZldb ± g_ \hagbdZ_l \hkiZebl_evguc ijhp_kk Kbkl_fui_j_^Zqbkb]gZeZ: Bhggu_dZgZeukf Ijyfhc ljZgkihjl ^bnnmaby q_j_af_f[jZgmkf 3) DbgZau±ljZgkf_f[jZggu_[_edbih^\_j]Zxsb_kybaf_g_gbyfb\gmljbde_ldbijb ihemq_gbbkb]gZeZba\g_h[uqghijbijbkh_^bg_gbb]hjfhgZ F_oZgbaf ^_ckl\by dbgZa k\yaZg kh kihkh[ghklvx d nhknhjbebjh\Zgbx Zfbghdbkehlguo hklZldh\ Ser/7KU beb 7\U ijb ihklmie_gbb kb]gZeZ gZ \g_rgb_ j_p_ilhju dbgZau \gmljb de_ldb ]b^jhebam_lky h^gZ fhe_dmeZ :LJ Z hls_ib\rbcky nhknZlguc hklZlhdnhknhjbebjm_ldbgZam Ijb wlhf baf_gy_lky dhgnhjfZpby [_edZ b dbgZaZ klZgh\blky n_jf_glhf ± nhknhdbgZahc (ijhl_bgnhknhdbgZahc Ih hdhgqZgbb ^_ckl\by kb]gZeZ nhknhdbgZaZ ^_nhknhjbebjm_lky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f n_jf_glZ ba deZkkZ nhknZlZa ijhbkoh^blkgylb_kb]gZeZ < j_Zevghklb \ de_lhqgmx f_f[jZgm \kljh_gh fgh`_kl\h dbgZa h[jZamxsbo dZkdZ^ ijb ihklmie_gbb gZ lZdhc dZkdZ^ kb]gZeZ ijhbkoh^bl _]h fgh]hdjZlgh_ mkbe_gb_ ZfiebnbdZpby Ih^h[gu_ dZkdZ^u y\eyxlky h^ghc ba hkgh\guo qZkl_c g_cjhgguo kbkl_f < ijbgpbi_ \ ex[hc g_cjhgghc kbkl_f_ fh]ml [ulv \u^_e_gu \oh^ghc kehci_j\bqgZy h[jZ[hldZ bgnhjfZpbb± \u^_e_gb_ gm`gh]h kb]gZeZ j_p_ilhjZfb kdjuluc kehc ihke_^mxsZy h[jZ[hldZ bgnhjfZpbb ± i_j_^ZqZkb]gZeZq_j_af_f[jZgmijbihfhsbdbgZa b\uoh^ghckehcbgl_]jZpbykb]gZeZ K\hckl\Zkbkl_fui_j_^Zqbkb]gZeZ:
16




Ki_pbnbqghklvhkms_kl\ey_lkyaZkqzl\ukhdhck_e_dlb\ghklbj_p_ilhjh\ :fiebnbdZpbykihkh[ghklvdmkbe_gbxkb]gZeZ±aZkqzldbgZa :^ZilZpbykgylb_kb]gZeZijbhdhgqZgbb_]h^_ckl\by±^_nhknhjbebjh\Zgb_ Bgl_]jZpbykihkh[ghklvdh[t_^bg_gbxkb]gZeh\

QlhlZdh_]_gklhqdbaj_gbyobfbdZ=_guZglbl_e =_g± g_hij_^_ebfh_^ey Dhiueh\Z ihgylb_ fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh ]_g± k_]f_gl >GD dhlhjuc dh^bjm_l bgnhjfZpbx ^ey h[jZah\Zgby nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ijh^mdlZ =_ghf ­ kh\hdmighklv\k_o]_gh\
17


,,Wgabfheh]by
N_jf_glu dZd [_edh\u_ dZlZebaZlhju Hkgh\gu_ hlebqby n_jf_glZlb\gh]h dZlZebaZhlljZ^bpbhggh]hobfbq_kdh]hN_jf_glu\obfbb N_jf_glu±\ukhdhZdlb\gu_[_edh\u_dZlZebaZlhju Hlebqbyn_jf_glZlb\gh]hdZlZebaZ: `fhev ±&+2­SH + HS­CH2­ ­CH2­S­S­CH2­. 18


Kf OIK G_h[oh^bfh bf_lv \ \b^m qlh ih nhjf_ lj_lbqghc kljmdlmju [_edb jZa^_eyxl gZ ]eh[meyjgu_nhjfbjmxsb_ ]eh[meu± kn_jbq_kdb_ qZklbpu b nb[jbeeyjgu_ nhjfbjmxsb_ \hehdgZ =eh[meyjgu_ [_edb fh]ml [ulv h[jZah\Zgu bkdexqbl_evgh kibjZeyfb / ­ km[t_^bgbpu ]_fh]eh[bgZ bkdexqbl_evgh kdeZ^dZfb / ­ bffmgh]eh[mebg bebbl_fbb^jm]bfh^gh\j_f_ggh (/, + jh[gh_hkZ`^_gb_ 4) P_gljbnm]bjh\Zgb_ 5) =_evnbevljZpbykbkihevah\Zgb_f©fhe_dmeyjguokblª >bZeba hl^_e_gb_ hl gbadhfhe_dmeyjguo dhfihg_glh\ ijb ijhimkdZgbb q_j_a ihemijhgbpZ_fu_f_f[jZgu MevljZnbevljZpby 19


Bahwe_dljbq_kdZy nhdmkbjh\dZ ± jZa^_e_gb_ [_edh\ \ kj_^_ k ]jZ^b_glhf jG kha^Z\Z_fuf \g_rgbf we_dljbq_kdbf ihe_fagZq_gb_ jG \hajZklZ_l hl Zgh^Z d dZlh^m < lZdhc kj_^_ [_ehd ^\b`_lky \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh agZdhf k\h_]h aZjy^Z ^h ^hklb`_gby bahwe_dljbq_kdhc lhqdb >ey ih^^_j`Zgby ]jZ^b_glZ jG \ jZkl\hj \\h^yl lZd gZau\Z_fu_ Zfnhebgu± dhjhldb_ ihebf_jgu_ fhe_dmeu kh^_j`Zsb_ dZj[hdkbevgu_ b Zfbgh]jmiiu lh _klv Zfnheblu < we_dljbq_kdhf ihe_ wlb fhe_dmeu jZkoh^ylky ih k\hbf bahwe_dljbq_kdbflhqdZfbkha^Zxl]jZ^b_gljGh^gh\j_f_gghjZ[hlZy\dZq_kl\_[mn_jZ Obfbq_kdb_ fh^bnbdZpbb [_edh\ Ijbf_g_gb_ obfbq_kdhc fh^bnbdZpbb ^ey bffh[bebaZpbbn_jf_glh\ Obfbq_kdb_fh^bnbdZpbb[_edh\bkihevamxl^eyZgZebaZbebbffh[bebaZpbb

Obfbq_kdZy bffh[bebaZpby n_jf_glh\± h[uqgh n_jf_glu bffh[bebamxl ijbrb\Zy dbg_jlghcih\_joghklbkihfhsvxZ^khj[pbbbeblbheh\ DeZkkbnbdZpbyn_jf_glh\

20


1) Hdkb^hj_^mdlZau±dZlZebabjmxlhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_j_Zdpbb 2) LjZgkn_jZau±dZlZebabjmxli_j_ghkjZ^bdZeZXY + Z X + YZ, Y = Me, Ac, PO4. 3) =b^jheZau± dZlZebabjmxl j_Zdpbb ]b^jhebaZZdlb\bjmxl fhe_dmeu \h^u wnbjh\ dZj[hgh\uodbkehl]ebdhab^h\ijhkluownbjh\blbhwnbjh\i_ilb^h\b[_edh\

21


Ih kljmdlmj_ Zdlb\gh]h p_gljZ ]b^jheZau jZa^_eyxl gZ k_jbgh\u_, pbkl_bgh\u_, ZkiZjlZlgu_, f_lZeekh^_j`Zsb_ GZa\Zgby ^Zxlky ih km[kljZlm p_eexeZaZ ± ]b^jheba p_eexehau >GDZau ± ]b^jheba >GD ZfbeZau±]b^jhebadjZofZeZ 4) EbZau ± dZlZebabjmxl g_]b^jheblbq_kdh_jZks_ie_gb_kh[jZah\Zgb_fdjZlghck\yab

5) Bahf_jZau ± dZlZebabjmxl j_Zdpbb bahf_jbaZpbb 6) Eb]Zau (kbgl_lZau ± dZlZebabjmxl j_Zdpbb dhg^_gkZpbb khijy`zggu_ k ]b^jhebahf :LJ beb GTP.

KlZpbhgZjgZy dbg_lbdZ n_jf_glZlb\guo j_Zdpbc F_lh^u h[jZ[hldb wdki_jbf_glZevguo^Zgguo k
-1

dX dP = k1 ES0 - ( k-1 + k2 ) X , v0 = = k2 X , E0 = E + X ± i_j\u_ ^\Z mjZ\g_gby dt dt y\eyxlkyh[uqgufbdbg_lbq_kdbfbmjZ\g_gbyfb^eyj_Zdpbci_j\h]hb\lhjh]hihjy^dh\Z lj_lv_ \ujZ`Z_l mkeh\b_ fZl_jbZevgh]h [ZeZgkZ ih n_jf_glm AZibku\Zy mkeh\b_ dX k +k k1 ES0 = ( k-1 + k2 ) X E = -1 2 X , klZpbhgZjghklb = 0, gZoh^bf dt k1S0 mjZ\g_gbyfb

22


k +k k2 E0 k +k . H[hagZqZy K m = -1 E0 = 1 + -1 2 X , v0 = k +k k1S0 k1 1 + -1 2 k1S0

2

­ dhgklZglZ FboZwebkZ, k2 E0 S0 . Ijb K m + S0

ijboh^bf d mjZ\g_gbx FboZwebkZF_gl_g v0 = k 2 k -1 K m

k-1 ± dhgklZglZ ^bkkhpbZpbb ijhf_`mlhqgh]h k1 ijh^mdlZ h[uqgh n_jf_glkm[kljZlgh]h dhfie_dkZ >ey wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h hij_^_e_gby iZjZf_ljh\ ko_fu FboZwebkZ bkihevamxl kihkh[ ij_^klZ\e_gguc gZ jbkmgd_ vm = k2E0 ­ kdhjhklvj_ZdpbbijbS0 Ko_fZ :gjb ij_^iheZ]Z_l qlh h[jZah\Zgb_ ijh^mdlZ j_Zdpbb dhgdmjbjm_l k h[jZah\Zgb_f g_dh]h kh_^bg_gby n_jf_glZ k km[kljZlhf Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh k1 k2 E + S X , E + S E + P.
k
-1

Kbkl_fZ hibku\Z_lky mjZ\g_gbyfb dX dP = k1 ES0 - k-1 X , v0 = = k A ES0 , dt dt E0 = E + X . Mkeh\b_ klZpbhgZjghklb E0 k ES k K ES dX k = 0 X = 1 S0 E , E = , v0 = k A S0 E = A 0 0 = A A 0 0 ­ mjZ\g_gb_ :gjb ]^_ k k dt k -1 K A + S0 S0 1 + 1 1 + 1 S0 k -1 k -1 k KA ­ dhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbyh[jZah\ZgbyX: K A = -1 . k1 >bkdjbfbgZpby FboZwebkZb:gjb f_oZgbafh\

< klZpbhgZjghf j_`bf_ aZ\bkbfhklb v0 hl S0 ^ey ko_f FboZwebkZ b :gjb h^bgZdh\ukf ]jZnbd \ >bkdjbfbgZpby \hafh`gZ lhevdh ^ey ij_^klZpbhgZjghc dbg_lbdb \ ko_f_ FboZwebkZ \j_f_ggu_ aZ\bkbfhklb dhgp_gljZpbc aZ^Zxlky mjZ\g_gbyfb E0 S0 kES k2 E0 S0 1 - e-(k1S0 + k-1 + k2 )t , P(t ) = 2 0 0 t + X (t ) = K m + S0 K m + S0 ( K m + S0 ) ( k1S0 + k-1 + k

(

)

2

)

(

e

-( k1 ( S0 + K m ) )t

- 1 . >ey
A

)

E0 S0 k K ES k A E0 S02 1 - e - k1 ( S0 + K A )t , P(t ) = A A 0 0 t - e K A + S0 K A + S0 ( K A + S0 ) k1 L_i_jvko_fue_]dh^bkdjbfbgbjmxlkyihaZ\bkbfhklyfP(t). ko_fu :gjb X (t ) =

(

)

(

- k1 ( S0 + K

)t

-1 .

)

9. LjzoklZ^bcgZy ko_fZ n_jf_glZlb\gh]h dZlZebaZ. AZ\bkbfhklv kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb hl dhgp_gljZpbb km[kljZlZ ^ey j_Zdpbb k mqZklb_f N ijhf_`mlhqguo kh_^bg_gbc LjzoklZ^bcgZy ko_fZ oZjZdl_jgZ ^ey k_jbgh\uo ijhl_Za DhgklZglu mjZ\g_gby

23


k 2 k3 Kk , K m = S 3 ; ijb k2 k3 kkat k3 k2 + k3 k 2 + k3 ebfblbjmxs_cklZ^b_cy\ey_lky^_Zpbebjh\Zgb_ijb k3 k2 kkat = k2 ­ Zpbebjh\Zgb_EA ­ Zpbebjh\Zggucn_jf_gl F_oZgbaf k mqZklb_f ijhf_`mlhqguo kh_^bg_gbc N KS k3 ki+1 kn+1 k2 E + S X 1 X 2 ... X i ... X n E + P; ko_fZ hibku\Z_lky mjZ\g_gbyfb FboZwebkZ fh]ml [ulv \uqbke_gu dZd k
kat

=

v0 =

dP =k dt

n +1

X n = k2 X 1 ,

dX i = ki X dt

i -1

- ki +1 X i = 0 ki X

i -1

= ki +1 X i . kkat E0 S0 ,k K m + S0 KS k k
2 j kat

Mqblu\Zy = 1

mjZ\g_gb_ KS k2 1

fZl_jbZevgh]h [ZeZgkZ E0 = E +


i

X i , gZc^zf v0 =


j =2

n +1

1 kj

, Km =


i =2

n +1

1 ki

.

?kebj-ZyklZ^byy\ey_lkyebfblbjmxs_clh k

kat

= k j , Km =

.

L_fi_jZlmjgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb kdhjhkl_c n_jf_glZlb\guo j_Zdpbc L_jfhbgZdlb\Zpbyn_jf_glh\Hkh[_gghklbn_jf_glh\\u^_e_gguobal_jfhnbevguo fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ L_fi_jZlmjgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb kdhjhkl_c n_jf_glZlb\guo j_Zdpbc ih^qbgyxlky
S H kT R - RT ee h[uqgufaZdhghf_jghklyfobfbq_kdhcdbg_lbdb±mjZ\g_gbx:jj_gbmkZ k (T ) = h 0 b ijZ\bem ey mf_gvr_gby kdhjhklb bgZdlb\Zpby n_jf_gl gm`gh klZ[bebabjh\Zlv kha^Zgb_f ^hihegbl_evguo k\ya_c \h^hjh^guo ^bkmevnb^guo h[jZah\Zgb_fkhe_\uofhklbdh\


Hkh[_gghklbn_jf_glh\\u^_e_gguobal_jfhnbevguohj]Zgbafh\: 24


H[jZlbfh_ bg]b[bjh\Zgb_h[jZah\Zgb_ dhfie_dkh\ n_jf_gl±bg]b[blhj fh`_l [ulv dhgdmj_glgufbg_dhgdmj_glguf. Ki < ijhp_kk_ dhgdmj_glgh]h bg]b[bjh\Zgby ijhl_dZxl j_Zdpbb E + I EI ,
Km kat E + S ES k E + P; E0 S0 , E0 I 0 . <_ebqbgu EI b ES fh`gh aZibkZlv q_j_a E I0 E S0 , ES = ; lh]^Z mkeh\b_ dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc EI = Ki Km

S I fZl_jbZevgh]h [ZeZgkZ ih n_jf_glm ijbf_l \b^ E0 E + ES + EI = E 1 + 0 + 0 . Kdhjhklv Km Ki hij_^_eyxs_c y\ey_lky klZ^by h[jZah\Zgby J ihwlhfm gZ[ex^Z_fZy kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb hij_^_ey_lky mjZ\g_gb_f k E S0 kkat E0 S0 dP = kkat ES = kat = . i_j\h]h ihjy^dZ v0 = dt Km I K m 1 + S0 Ki LZdbf h[jZahf bg]b[blhj g_ \eby_l gZ ij_^_evgh_ mjZ\g_gb_ (S0 ko_fu FboZwebkZF_gl_g kf vm = kkatE0, mf_gvrZ_l gZ[ex^Z_fmx kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb gh m\_ebqb\Z_l gZ[ex^Z_fh_ agZq_gb_ Km. AZ\bkbfhklv v hl S0 ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZjbkmgd_ G_dhgdmj_glgh_ bg]b[bjh\Zgb_ ijhl_dZ_l ih ij_^klZ\e_gghc ko_f_ Bkihevamy \_ebqbgu EI, ES, ihemq_ggu_ ^ey kemqZy dhgdmj_glgh]h bg]b[bjh\Zgby gZc^zf S I IS E I 0 S0 . E0 = E + ES + EI + ESI = E 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 . ESI = K m Ki K m K i K m Ki

kkat S0 E0 = K m 1 + S0 + I 0 + I 0 S0 K m Ki K m Ki baf_gy_l gZ[ex^Z_fh_ agZq_gb_ Km. AZ\bkbfhklv v(S0) ij_^klZ\e_gZgZjbkmgd_ >bkdjbfbgZpby dhgdjmj_glgh]h b g_dhgdmj_glgh]h bg]b[bjh\Zgby hkms_kl\ey_lky ih aZ\bkbfhklyf /v0 hl 1/S0 dZd ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ kijZ\Z ± dhgdmj_glgh_ bg]b[bjh\Zgb_ ke_\Z ± v0 =

S

0

kkat E0 1 + I 0 / Ki . Bg]b[blhj \eby_l gZ kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb gh g_ K m + S0

25


g_dhgdmj_glgh_
:dlb\gu_ p_glju n_jf_glh\ DZlZeblbq_kdb_ b khj[pbhggu_ ih^p_glju Hkgh\gu_ kljmdlmjgu_ we_f_glu Ki_pbnbqghklv b wnn_dlb\ghklv n_jf_glZlb\gh]h dZlZebaZ Kf DZlZeblbq_kdbc pbde± ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv [hevrh]h qbkeZ hl^_evguo we_f_glZjguo klZ^bc dhlhju_ y\eyxlky [ukljufb g_ebfblbjmxsbfb aZ kqzl j_Zebamxsboky ]b^jhnh[guo we_dljhklZlbq_kdbo \aZbfh^_ckl\bc \h^hjh^guo k\ya_c Z ihlhfm ijb[eb`_gudi_j_oh^ghfmkhklhygbxkfbgbfZevghcwg_j]b_c Ij_^eh`_ghg_kdhevdhh[tykg_gbc\ukhdhcki_pbnbqghklbn_jf_glh\ Dhgp_ipby ©dexq±aZfhdª ± oZjZdl_jgh_ kljh_gb_ Zdlb\gh]h p_gljZ n_jf_glZ ^himkdZxs__lhevdhkhhl\_lkl\mxsbc_fmihkljh_gbxkm[kljZl Dhgp_ipby©^u[uª ± n_jf_gl Zdlb\bjm_l km[kljZl jZkly]b\Zy b ^_klZ[bebabjmy k\yab Dhgp_ipby bg^mpbjh\Zggh]h khhl\_lkl\by ± lhevdh ©hl^_evgu_ª km[kljZlu kihkh[gu\ua\Zlvg_h[oh^bfu_dhgnhjfZpbhggu_baf_g_gby\[_ed_ Djhf_ ©h[uqghcª ki_pbnbqghklb ih km[kljZlm n_jf_glu aZqZklmx h[eZ^Zxl kl_j_hki_pbnbqghklvx ± ^_ckl\mxl lhevdh gZ h^bg ba wgZglbhf_jh\ ijbqbgZ lZdh]h wnn_dlZ khklhbl \ hjb_glZpbb ]b^jhnh[gh]h njZ]f_glZ dhlhjuc hl\_qZ_l aZ k\yau\Zgb_ km[kljZlZimlzf]b^jhnh[gh]h\aZbfh^_ckl\by P_ibi_j_ghkZaZjy^Z±dq_fmwlh"" < k\h[h^ghf Zdlb\ghf p_glj_ gmde_hnbe h[eZ^Z_l gbadhc j_Zdpbhgghc kihkh[ghklvxkms_kl\_gghgb`_q_fHG­bebZedhdkbevgucbhg < dhfie_dk_ k \ukhdhki_pbnbqguf km[kljZlhf n_jf_glZ gmde_hnbe [ebahd d
26


Zedhdkbevghfmbhgm GZ klZ^bb ^_Zpbebjh\Zgby \ Zpben_jf_gl_ j_ZdpbhggZy kihkh[ghklv \h^u [ebadZ d j_Zdpbhgghckihkh[ghklb]b^jhdkbevgh]hbhgZ F_lh^u [bhbgnhjfZlbdb ey kjZ\g_gby Zfbghdbkehlguo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_c bkihevamxl lZd gZau\Z_fh_ \ujZ\gb\Zgb_± kjZ\g_gb_ iheh`_gbc kh\iZ^Zxsbo mqZkldh\ i

iha\hey_l hij_^_eblv wgljhibx R_gghgZ ^ey iheh`_gby j j j H j =- pi log 2 pi . ?keb Hj = 0, lh ^ey
i

\k_o i eb[h pij = 0, eb[h pij = 1, lh _klv \ ^Zgghc ihabpbb h^ghagZqgh gZoh^blky lhevdh h^gZ ZfbghdbkehlZ dhlhjZy y\ey_lky Z[khexlgh dhgk_j\Zlb\ghc ?keb agZq_gb_ wgljhibb R_gghgZ hlebqgh hl lh _]h fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd f_jm dhgk_j\Zlb\ghklb±f_jmmihjy^hq_gghklbZfbghdbkehlghcihke_^h\Zl_evghklb Hkgh\gu_ijbgpbiu: DZlZeblbq_kdb \Z`gu_ ]jmiiu \uy\eyxlky dZd dhgk_j\Zlb\gu_ Zfbghdbkehlu ijb fgh`_kl\_gghf\ujZ\gb\Zgbbihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_cZfbghdbkehl\k_f_ckl\Zon_jf_glh\ GZb[he__ \Z`ghc Zfbghdbkehlhc ijb nhjfbjh\Zgbb Zdlb\gu p_gljh\ y\ey_lky ]ebpbg 3) :kiZjZ]bgh\Zy dbkehlZ ]bklb^bg Zj]bgbg gZb[he__ qZklh \klj_qZxlky \ Zdlb\guo p_gljZon_jf_glh\b©jZ[hlZxl ªdZdgmde_hnbevghwe_dljhnbevgu_Z]_glu 4) Pbkl_bg b ijhebg ± kljmdlmjhh[jZamsb_ Zfbghdbkehlu g_h[oh^bfu_ ijb nhjfbjh\ZgbbZjobl_dlmjuZdlb\guop_gljh\

27


DhgklZglu kdhjhklb \ we_f_glZjguo klZ^byo n_jf_glZlb\gh]h dZlZebaZ F_oZgbafuebfblbjh\Zgby >ey hij_^_e_gby oZjZdl_jguo agZq_gbc kkat b Km [ueh bkke_^h\Zgh jZkij_^_e_gb_ agZq_gbc wlbo \_ebqbg gZ \u[hjd_ ba n_jf_glh\ J_amevlZlu ZgZebaZ ij_^klZ\e_gu gZ jbkmgdZo Ebfblbjmxsb_klZ^bb: >bnnmabyaZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu kdhjhklb hl ^bnnmabb hij_^_ey_lky mjZ\g_gb_f N kT , D= k = 2( R1 + R2 )( D1 + D2 ) 1000 6R ±dhwnnbpb_gl^bnnmabb Baf_g_gb_dhgnhjfZpbb I_j_ghk ijhlhgZ gZ[ex^Z_lky kbevguc dbg_lbq_kdbc bahlhiguc wnn_dl

H[sbcdbkehlghhkgh\gucdZlZeba\f_oZgbaf_^_ckl\byn_jf_glh\ H[sbf dbkehlguf dZlZebahf gZau\Zxlky ijhp_kku mkdhj_gby j_Zdpbc ih^ ^_ckl\b_f dbkehlwe_dljhnbevguo Z]_glh\ Z h[sbf hkgh\guf dZlZebahf ± ijhp_kku mkdhj_gby ih^ ^_ckl\b_f hkgh\Zgbc gmde_hnbevguo Z]_glh\ Ki_pbnbq_kdbf dbkehlguf (hkgh\guf) dZlZebahf gZau\Zxlky ijhp_kku mkdhj_gby j_Zdpbc ih^ ^_ckl\b_fH+ (OH­). H[sZy aZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu kdhjhklb hl dhgp_gljZpbb dbkehl b hkgh\Zgbc ^Zzlky mjZ\g_gb_f kgZ[e = kjZkl + k H + [ H + ] + kOH - [OH - ] + k BH + [ BH + ] + k B [ B ], kjZkl oZjZdl_jbam_l kdhjhklv ijhp_kkZ k mqZklb_f jZkl\hjZ AZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZgl hl kbeu dbkehluhkgh\Zgby ^Zzlky mjZ\g_gb_f;j_gkl_^Z lg k B- = lg koB + pK a , lg k HA = lg koA + pK a , ]^_b ­ dhwnnbpb_glu ;j_gkl_^Z oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ kl_i_gv i_j_ghkZ ijhlhgZ \ i_j_oh^ghfkhklhygbbj_Zdpbb Ijbf_juijb\_^_gugZjbkmgdZo Ijbf_g_gb_: M\_ebq_gb_ j_Zdpbhgghc kihkh[ghklb ZlZdmxs_]hp_gljZ M\_ebq_gb_j_Zdpbhgghckihkh[ghklbZlZdmxsbo ]jmiip_ibi_j_ghkZaZjy^Z ±kf Bkihevah\Zgb_ [ukljuo j_Zdpbc ^ey hilbfbaZpbbkljmdlmjui_j_oh^gh]hkhklhygby :dlb\gu_ p_glju n_jf_glh\ b f_oZgbafu dZlZebabjm_fuo j_Zdpbc ]jmiiu ]b^jheZa Fhe_dmeyjgu_ f_oZgbafu ^_ckl\by obfhljbikbgZ i_ikbgZ iZiZbgZ dZj[hdkbi_ilb^Zau hj]ZghnhknZl]b^jheZau ibjhnhknZlZauwdahgmde_Zau

28


:dlb\guc p_glj n_jf_glZ± ]jmiiZ Zlhfh\ hkms_kl\eyxsbo khj[pbx obfbq_kdmx Zdlb\Zpbx b ljZgknhjfZpbx j_Z]bjmxs_]h \_s_kl\Z H[uqgh wlb ijhp_kku ijhbkoh^yl \ jZaguo qZklyo Zdlb\gh]h p_gljZ qlh iha\hey_l \u^_eblv \ gzf khj[pbhgguc b dZlZeblbq_kdbc ih^p_glju F_oZgbaf obfbq_kdhc Zdlb\Zpbb \ Zdlb\ghf p_glj_ n_jf_glZ k\yaZg \_jhylgh k l_f qlh \ kbem hkh[_gghkl_c kljh_gby [_edZ hl^_evgu_ mqZkldb n_jf_glZ ihjZaghfm \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k jZagufb ZlhfZfb j_Z]bjmxs_c fhe_dmeu jZkly]b\Zy _z k\yab b kha^Z\Zy gZijy`_gby ± obfbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv ih\urZ_lky ey i_j_oh^gh]h khklhygby ij_^eZ]Z_lky ^\mop_gljh\Zy fh^_ev oh^ j_Zdpbb hibku\Z_lky gb`g_cdjb\hcgZjbkmgd_ GDihebf_jZau

29


30


Hkgh\gu_fbr_gb^_ckl\bye_dZjkl\_gguoij_iZjZlh\ Hkgh\gu_fbr_gb: ;Zdl_jbb Zglb[Zdl_jbZevgu_ obfbhl_jZi_\lbq_kdb_ kj_^kl\Z gZau\Zxlky Zglb[bhlbdZfb ±i_gbpbeebgu N_jf_glue_dZjkl\Zy\eyxlkybg]b[blhjZfbhij_^_ezgguon_jf_glh\ ±kf J_p_ilhjbhggu_dZgZeu±bg]b[blhjuZp_lbeohebgwkl_jZau Ijbf_ju±kf E_dZjkl\_ggu_ ij_iZjZlu j_]mebjmxsb_ E_dZjkl\_ggu_ij_iZjZlugZhkgh\_n_jf_glh\ Zdlb\ghklv n_jf_glh\

Ijbqbgu aZ[he_\Zgbc gZjmr_gb_ kbgl_aZ de_lhqghc kl_gdb i_gbpbeebgu p_nZehkihjbgu pbdehk_jbg gZjmr_gb_ ijhgbpZ_fhklb pblhieZafZlbq_kdhc f_f[jZgu (ihebfbdkbgu gZjmr_gb_ kbgl_aZ JGDjbnZfibpbg gZjmr_gb_ kbgl_aZ [_edZ gZ mjh\g_ jb[hkhfl_ljZpbdebgue_\hfbp_lbgfZdjheb^uZfbgh]ebdhab^u E_dZjkl\_ggu_ij_iZjZlugZhkgh\_n_jf_glh\: 1) KmevnZfb^gu_ij_iZjZlu

2) E_\hfbp_lbg

31


3) Bg]b[blhju ijhklZ]eZg^bgGkbgl_lZau (ijhklZ]eZg^bgG kbgl_lZaZ± PGH ­ dZlZebabjm_l kbgl_a wcdhaZghb^h\ klbfmebjmxsbo khdjZs_gb_ ]eZ^hfur_qghc ldZgb [bhkbgl_a kl_jhb^guo ]hjfhgh\ k_dj_pbx `_em^hqgh]h khdZ Z]j_]Zpbx ljhf[hpblh\ [he_\u_ j_Zdpbb b\hkiZebl_evgu_ijhp_kku

:kibjbg±f_^e_ggucg_h[jZlbfucbg]b[blhj ;jmn_gbZgZev]bg ­ [uklju_h[jZlbfu_ bg]b[blhju

Bg^hf_lZpbgb\hevlZj_g ±f_^e_ggu_h[jZlbfu_ bg]b[blhju

4) Bg]b[blhju Zp_lbeohebgwkl_jZau ­ n_jf_glZ mqZkl\mxs_]h \ i_j_^Zq_ g_j\guo bfimevkh\kf E_dZjkl\_ggu_ ij_iZjZlu gZ hkgh\_ n_jf_glh\± gZijbf_j bgkmebg j_]meylhj mjh\gy ]exdhau\djh\b

32


20. G_kl_jhb^gu_ ij_iZjZlu :glb[bhlbdb I_gbpbeebgu

ijhlb\h\hkiZebl_evgu_

2) E_\hfbp_lbg±kf J_p_ilhjubkbkl_fui_j_^Zqbkb]gZeZ G_j\gu_ bfimevku \ hj]Zgbaf_ i_j_^Zxlky hkh[ufb g_j\gufb de_ldZfb gZau\Z_fufb g_cjhgZfb Hkh[_gghklvx g_cjhgh\ y\ey_lky gZebqb_ hljhkldh\± ^_g^jblh\ ihemq_gb_ kb]gZeZ b Zdkhgh\i_j_^ZqZ kb]gZeZ F_`^m hljhkldZfb g_cjhgh\ bf_xlky s_eb gZau\Z_fu_ kbgZilbq_kdbfb ijhp_kk i_j_^Zqb kb]gZeZ hl h^gh]h g_cjhgZ d ^jm]hfm ± kbgZik < kihdhcghf khklhygbb ij_^kbgZilbq_kdZy f_f[jZgZf_f[jZgZ i_j_^Zxs_]h ZdkhgZ iheyjbah\ZgZ aZ kqzl ^_ckl\by1D±. gZkhkZkf OIK Ijb ihklmie_gbb kb]gZeZ f_f[jZgZ ^_iheyjbam_lky qlh ijb\h^bl d hldjulbx &D2+±dZgZeh\ jZkiheZ]Zxsboky gZ
33


hdhgqZgbb ZdkhgZ bhgu dZevpby ihklmiZxl \gmljv ZdkhgZ bgbpbbjmy ijhp_kk wdahpblhaZ ± \u[jhkZ g_cljhljZgkfbll_jh\ \ kbgZilbq_kdmx s_ev < dZq_kl\_ g_cjhljZgkfbll_jh\ fh]ml \uklmiZlv Zp_lbeohebg Zfbghdbkehlu b g_dhlhju_ ijhba\h^gu_ Z^_gbgZ g_cjhljZgkfbll_ju ijhoh^yl q_j_a kbgZilbq_kdmx s_ev b ihiZ^Zxl \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ j_p_ilhju >ey Zp_lbeohebgZ ba\_klgh ^\Z lbiZ j_p_ilhjh\± fmkdZjbgh\uc b gbdhlbgh\uc h[Z ijb ihemq_gbb kb]gZeZ hldju\Zxl gZ dhjhldh_ \j_fy bhggu_ dZgZeu ^ey gZljby b dZeby kha^Z\Zy gZ ihklkbgZilbq_kdhc f_f[jZg_ jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ i_j_^Z\Z_fmx ^Ze__ Ba[ulhd Zp_lbeohebgZ jZks_iey_lky ^h ohebgZ b mdkmkghc dbkehlhc n_jf_glhf Zp_lbeohebgwkl_jZahc g_dhjj_dlgZy jZ[hlZ wlh]h n_jf_glZ y\ey_lky ijbqbghc fgh]bo aZ[he_\Zgbc b fh`_l [ulv bae_q_gZ_]hbg]b[bjh\Zgb_fkf >jm]bf imlzf i_j_^Zqb kb]gZeh\ y\eyxlky ]hjfhgu ­ kb]gZevgu_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxsb_ky \ de_ldZo wg^hdjbgguo `_eza b i_j_ghkbfu_ djh\vx J_p_ilhjZfb ]hjfhgh\ y\eyxlky ljZgkf_f[jZggu_ [_edb Zdlb\bjmxsb_ aZf_s_gb_ GDP gZGTP \hkh[hfGs [_ed_gZoh^blky\gmljbde_ldb ijb ihiZ^Zgbb ]hjfhgZ gZ j_p_ilhj :dlb\bjh\Zgguc Gs [_ehd Zdlb\bjm_l Z^_gbeZlpbdeZam dZlZebabjmxsmx h[jZah\Zgb_ 3'-5'-pbdeh:FN Ihke_^gyy Zdlb\bjm_l ijhl_bgdbgZam : nhknhjbebmxsmx Ser/Thr beb Tys kf OIK Ih \b^bfhfm a^_kv ijhklh baeh`_g ih^jh[g__ f_oZgbaf ijb\_^zgguc\OIK Ki_pbnbq_kdbcbg_ki_pbnbq_kdbcbffmgbl_l:glbl_eZ Bffmgguc hl\_l hj]ZgbafZ fh`_l [ulv dZd g_ki_pbnbqgufh^gb b l_ `_ qZklbpu h^bgZdh\uf h[jZahf ZlZdmx \k_ qm`_jh^gu_ h[t_dlu lZd b ki_pbnbqgufijhba\h^blky ZlZdZ lhevdh gZ h^bg dhgdj_lguc \bjmk QZklbpZfb hl\_qZxsbfb aZ jZajmr_gb_ qm`_jh^guo h[t_dlh\ y\eyxlky nZ]hpblu Z kZf ijhp_kk mgbqlh`_gby gZau\Z_lky nZ]hpblhahf. G_ki_pbnbq_kdbc bffmgbl_l h[_ki_qb\Z_lky kZfbfb nZ]hpblZfb ± fZdjhnZ]Zfb

34


i_j\bqgh_ jZajmr_gb_ \bjmkZ \ de_ld_ b g_cljhnbeZfb NZ]hpblha khklhbl ba \hkvfb klZ^bc dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\e_gu gZ jbkmgd_ ± o_fZlZdkbk Z^]_aby Zdlb\Zpby f_f[jZgu gZqZeh nZ]hpblhaZ h[jZah\Zgb_ nZ]hkhfukebygb_ mgbqlh`_gb_ b i_j_\Zjb\Zgb_ \u[jhk ijh^mdlh\ ^_]jZ^Zpbb Ba\_klgu dZd dbkehjh^aZ\bkbfu_ lZd b dbkehjh^g_aZ\bkbfu_ f_oZgbafu nZ]hpblhaZ I_j\u_ ij_^klZ\e_gu gZ ko_f_ \lhju_ k\yaZgu k ^_ckl\b_f dZlbhgguo [_edh\ ebahpbfh\ eZdlhn_jjbgh\ ijhl_heblbq_kdbo b ^jm]bo ]b^jheblbq_kdbo n_jf_glh\ Z lZd`_ ih\j_`^_gb_f f_f[jZg fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ jZks_ie_gb_f fmdhi_ilb^Zfb de_lhqghc kl_gdb [Zdl_jbc ebr_gb_f ijhebn_jbjmxsbo [Zdl_jbc `_e_aZ bijhklufi_j_\Zjb\Zgb_fm[bluofbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ Ki_pbnbq_kdbc bffmgbl_l k\yaZg k ^_ckl\b_f Zglbl_e bffmgh]eh[mebgh\ ± keh`guo h[jZah\Zgbc bf_xsbo nhjfm [md\u Y. Kljh_gb_ Zglbl_eZ ij_^klZ\e_gh gZ jbkmgd_ hgh kh^_j`bl dZd dhgklZglgu_ lZd b \ZjbZ[_evgu_ h[eZklb ijbqzf bf_ggh \ZjbZ[_evgu_ h[eZklb hl\_lkl\_ggu aZ magZ\Zgb_ Zglb]_gZ lh _klv ki_pbnbq_kdhc gmde_hlb^ghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb \bjmkZ Hlf_lbf qlh [hevrb_ p_ib Zglbl_eZ y\eyxlky ly`zeufb Z fZeu_ \g_rgb_ p_ib ± ez]dbfb JZks_ie_gb_ Zglbl_eZ ih lhqd_ ba]b[Z Zglbl_eZ ijhbkoh^bl ih^ ^_ckl\b_f iZiZbgZ ih k_j_^bg_ ly`zeuo p_i_c ± i_ikbgZ gZdhg_p\hkklZgh\e_gb_S­Sk\ya_cijb\h^bldiheghfmjZajmr_gbxZglbl_eZ GZ i_j\hf wlZi_ ki_pbnbq_kdh]h bffmggh]h hl\_lZ hkh[u_ de_ldb 35


1/S0. <_ebqbgZ kdhjhklb lZd`_ hij_^_ey_lky pH b µm dZ dhebq_kl\hfbg]b[blhjh\ µ m ` = . I 1+ Ki H]jZgbq_gbyjhklZ: ©DhglZdlgh_lhjfh`_gb_ª JZkoh^ebfblbjmxs_]hkm[kljZlZ 3) Bg]b[bjh\Zgb_ijh^mdlhf Ihy\e_gb_ km[ihimeypbb ihl_jy\r_c kihkh[ghklv DhglZdlgh_lhjfh`_gb_ d^_e_gbx ©DhglZdlgh_ lhjfh`_gb_ª \ ijhkl_cr_f kemqZ_ hibku\Z_lky aZ\bkbfhklvx Nm 2 µt N0 dN N dN N be 1 = µN - µ = µ dt = , a= , b= . Ijb t µt Nm Nm dt Nm N0 1 + a N -1 -1 N 1 - N0 N0 Nm N 0 µt e 1, N (t ) = N m = const ±hklZgh\dZjhklZ Nm De_lhqgucjhkl\hldjuluokbkl_fZo GZb[he__ ijhklZ b m^h[gZ ^ey jZkkfhlj_gby kbkl_fZ o_fhklZlZ ­ n_jf_gl_jZ k i_j_f_rb\Zgb_f \ dhlhjhf dhgp_gljZpbb \k_o dhfihg_glh\ ih^^_j`b\Zxlky klZpbhgZjgufb Jhkl ihimeypbb \ o_fhklZl_ hibku\Z_lky mjZ\g_gb_f dN U = µ N - N = µ N - DN , ]^_ D = U/V ­ kdhjhklv jZa[Z\e_gby y\eyxsZyky dhgklZglhc b dt V oZjZdl_jbklbdhc dhgdj_lgh]h o_fhklZlZ Djhf_ wlh]h dS 1 dP 1 = DS0 - DS - µ ( S ) N , = µ ( S ) - DP, ]^_ S ­ dhgp_gljZpby km[kljZlZ J ± dt YS dt Yp dhgp_gljZpby ijh^mdlZ Z iZjZf_lj YS ihdZau\Z_l wdhghfbq_kdmx wnn_dlb\ghklv kbkl_fu lh _klv ^hex km[kljZlZ i_j_r_^r_]h \ [bhfZkkm ijh^mdl AZibku\Zy mkeh\by dN dS dP klZpbhgZjghklb = = = 0 b j_rZy ihemq_ggmx kbkl_fm ^bnn_j_gpbZevguo dt dt dt DK S mjZ\g_gbc gZoh^bf N = YS ( S0 - S ) = YS S0 - ± dhgp_gljZpby [bhfZkku ebg_cgh µm - D aZ\bkbl hl dhgp_gljZpbb \\h^bfh]h \ n_jf_gl_j km[kljZlZ

36


Dc K S µS = 0, Dc = m 0 ± kms_kl\m_l ij_^_evgh_ agZq_gb_ kdhjhklb K S + S0 µ m - Dc jZa[Z\e_gby \ur_ dhlhjhc jhkl ihimeypbb g_ gZ[ex^Z_lky a^_kv [md\Zfb S b N h[hagZq_guklZpbhgZjgu_dhgp_gljZpbbkm[kljZlZb[bhfZkku >ey dmevlb\bjh\Zgby fbdjhhj]Zgbafh\ \ j_`bf_ o_fhklZlZ dN = µ N - DN = 0 µ = D ± kdhjhklv jhklZ jZ\gZ kdhjhklb jZa[Z\e_gby ?keb kh]eZkgh dt DK S µm S mjZ\g_gbx Fhghkf µ ( S ) = ± klZpbhgZjgZy dhgp_gljZpby = D, lhS = K S + S0 µm - D km[kljZlZ g_ aZ\bkbl hl _]h gZqZevghc dhgp_gljZpbb Z hij_^_ey_lky kdhjhklvx jZa[Z\e_gby biZjZf_ljZfbjhklZ N = 0 S0 - Hkgh\gu_gZijZ\e_gbybg`_g_jghcwgabfheh]bb 6) 8) Ijhfure_ggu_dZlZebaZlhjugZhkgh\_n_jf_glh\kf ;_edh\uc^baZcgn_jf_glh\kf Lhgdbchj]Zgbq_kdbckbgl_akf Bffh[bebah\Zggu_n_jf_glubde_ldbkf FbdjhZgZebakf ;bhwe_dljhdZlZebab[bhwe_dljhgbdZ N_jf_gludZde_dZjkl\_ggu_kj_^kl\Zkf ;bhdZlZeba\hojZg_hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u

N_jf_glu \ ZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb N_jf_glZlb\gu_ f_lh^Z ZgZebaZ f_lZ[heblh\Bffmghn_jf_glgucb[bhexfbg_kp_glgucZgZebau;bhk_gkhju Hkgh\gu_gZijZ\e_gby: N_jf_gludZdZgZeblbq_kdb_j_Z]_glu Bffmghn_jf_glgucZgZeba 3) ;bhexfbg_kp_glgucZgZeba 4) ;bhk_gkhju N_jf_glu \ debgbq_kdhf ZgZeba_ ]exdhaZ fhq_\bgZ fhehqgZy dbkehlZ ki_dlj Zfbghdbkehl wlZghe Zp_lZev^_]b^ :LN :>N ihebg_gZkus_ggu_ `bjgu_ dbkehlu i_gbpbeebgdj_ZlbgnhknZlIjbf_jbkihevah\Zgbyij_^klZ\e_gko_fhc F_lh^u ^_l_dlbjh\Zgby ijh^mdlh\ \ kdh[dZo ij_^_e h[gZjm`_gby we_dljhobfbq_kdb_ (10­5 F Zfi_jhf_ljbq_kdb_­6 F nemhjbf_ljbq_kdb_ ­9 F [bhexfbg_kp_glgu_­12F ;bhexfbg_kp_glguc ZgZeba: h[jZah\Zgb_ Zdlb\gh exfbg_kpbjmxsbo \_s_kl\ gZijbf_jhij_^_e_gb_:LN Bffmghn_jf_glguc ZgZeba ± hq_gv qm\kl\bl_evguc kihkh[ ZgZebaZ hkgh\Zgguc gZ n_jf_glghf mkbe_gbb kb]gZeZ \u[bjZxl ih^oh^ys__ Zglbl_eh b h[jZamxl _]h dhgtx]Zl k hij_^_ey_fuf n_jf_glhf AZl_f wlhl dhgtx]Zl \\h^yl \h \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k Zglb]_ghf b \u^_eyxl dhfie_dk gZdhg_p ^h[Z\eyy km[kljZl
37


ihemqZxlijh^mdlbihg_fmhij_^_eyxldhebq_kl\hn_jf_glZ ;bhk_gkhju h[sZy ko_fZ jZ[hlu ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZ jbkmgd_ Ijbf_jhf [bhk_gkhjZ fh`_l [ulv n_jf_glguc bhgk_e_dlb\guc we_dljh^ bkihevam_fuc ^ey bhghf_ljbq_kdh]h hij_^_e_gby]exdhau < jZ[hl_ [bhk_gkhjh\ fh]ml j_Zebah\u\Zlvky dZd i_j_ghk we_dljhgZ ijb ihfhsb f_^bZlhjh\ ljZgkihjlZ hl we_dljh^Z d Zdlb\ghfm p_gljm n_jf_glZ lZd b ijyfhc we_dljbq_kdbc dhglZdl f_`^m we_dljh^hf b Zdlb\guf p_gljhf n_jf_glZlmgg_ebjh\Zgb_ we_dljhgZ

Ijhfure_ggh_ihemq_gb_bbkihevah\Zgb_n_jf_glh\ < ijhfure_gghklb n_jf_glu ihemqZxl \ g_kdhevdh klZ^bc \gZqZe_ ijh\h^yl khihebf_jbaZpbx \ h^ghjh^ghf jZkl\hj_ aZl_f± \ fbdjhwfmevkbb ihemq_gguc ihebf_j klZ[bebabjmxl Z^khj[pb_c gZ bg_jlgmx fZljbpm Ihke_ klZ[bebaZpbb fZljbpm m[bjZxl b \\h^yl \ fhe_dmem©obfbq_kdb_ª kdh[db± ]jmiiu kdj_ieyxsb_ hl^_evgu_ mqZkldb p_i_c ]eh[meu>eyg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]hbkihevah\Zgbyn_jf_glubffh[bebamxlkf H[eZklv ijhfure_ggh]h ijbf_g_gby n_jf_glh\ ihdZ ^hklZlhqgh madZ b h]jZgbqb\Z_lky jZaebqgufb ijhp_kkZfb k\yaZggufb k kbgl_ahf m]e_\h^h\ b ihebkZoZjb^h\ lZd gZ n_jf_glguo dZlZebaZlhjZo \ ijhfure_gghklb hkms_kl\eyxl bahf_jbaZpbx]exdhau\hnjmdlhambba]hlh\e_gb_]exdhahnjmdlhaguokbjhih\ N_jf_glu\lhgdhfhj]Zgbq_kdhfkbgl_a_ N_jf_glu\hj]Zgbq_kdbojZkl\hjbl_eyo N_jf_glZlb\gZyfh^bnbdZpby-eZdlZfguoZglb[bhlbdh\ N_jf_glZlb\gh_jZa^_e_gb_jZp_fZlh\ Kbgl_akbkihevah\Zgb_f]b^jheZa J_]_g_jZpbydhnZdlhjh\ Kbgl_aZfbghdbkehl Kbgl_abahlhihf_q_gguo kh_^bg_gbc Kbgl_aijhklZghb^h\ Fh^bnbdZpbykZoZjh\ Kbgl_ai_ilb^guok\ya_c gZijZ\e_ggZyfh^bnbdZpby[_edh\ Kha^Zgu [bhdZlZebaZlhju ke_^mxsbo ijhp_kkh\ ZgZwjh[gh]h ihemq_gby wlZgheZ ihemq_gby ebabgZ ihemq_gby mdkmkghc dbkehlu j_]_g_jZpbb NAD b 1$'3 ihemq_gby [_aeZdlhagh]h fhehdZ (]b^jhebaZ eZdlhau kbgl_aZ ijhklZ]eZg^bgh\ b e_cdhljb_gh\ kbgl_aZ ebihdkbgh\ kbgl_aZ wgZglbhf_jh\ ZedbeZfbgnhknhgh\uo b ZedbeZfbgnhknhgbkluo dbkehl kbgl_aZ -eZdlZfguo Zglb[bhlbdh\ ihemq_gby f_q_guo gmde_hab^nhknZlh\ kbgl_aZ pbdeh^_dkljbgh\ kbgl_aZ jy^Z ZglbZ]j_]Zpbhgguo Z]_glh\ Z^`h_gh\ ibjb^hdkZaheh\ kbgl_aZ f_q_gguo nhknhjhf 32,32 ­ gmde_hab^nhknZlh\kihfhsvxhjb]bgZevghckbkl_fuhl^_evguo[bhj_Zdlhjh\
38